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The seemingly irresistible growth of motorised transport and its environmental effects have led the NRP to also put mobility and transport (M & T) on its agenda. NRP questions are focused on psychosocial factors and mechanisms underlying the popularity of motorised transport, and on technical as well as behavioural measures and strategies to reduce global air pollution stemming from mobility and the use of motor vehicles. In Phase 1 of the programme, five NRP-funded Mssss & T projects have been conducted. Together with one or two related projects, these will be briefly summarised and commented upon. General observations, conclusions and some suggestions will be provided at the end of this paper.
In this chapter we investigate the motivation behind the development of modelling frameworks that explicitly target the environmental domain. Despite many commercial and industrial-strength frameworks being available, we claim that there is a definite niche for environmental-specific frameworks. We first introduce a general definition of what is an environmental integrated modelling framework, leading to an outline of the requirements for a generic software architecture for such frameworks. This identifies the need for a knowledge layer to support the modelling layer and an experimentation layer to support the execution of models. The chapter then focuses on the themes of knowledge representation, model management...
Ground-water flow and movement of the freshwater/saltwater interface on western Long Island, N.Y., were simulated to evaluate the effects of a proposed increase in ground-water pumpage to meet the New York City's growing demand for freshwater without causing saltwater intrusion. Accurate simulation of the long-term movement of the freshwater/saltwater interface is limited by uncertainty as to the rate of sea-level rise since the Pleistocene glaciation and the amount of flow that moves through offshore breaches in a shallow confining unit, the Gardiners Clay. Reasonable estimates of these and related factors were applied to a three-dimensional version of the U.S. Geological Survey's SUTRA model to predict interface...
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