The impact of grazing animals and plant protection on shrub seedling establishment was studied in 2 separate experiments. A total of 3,665 seedlings were monitored for survival during a sheep grazing trial in 1984, and 5,755 seedlings were monitored during a cattle grazing trial in 1986. Approximately 1/2 of the seedlings were located under the canopy of mature plants and 1/2 were located in the interspaces between plants. The presence of domestic livestock and the seedling location affected both the overall survival at the end of the growing season and the pattern of survival during the growing season. The interaction between these independent variables resulted in the highest survival (0.11) for sheltered seedlings in the grazed [...]