A new method is presented for calculating the electrical conductivity of natural waters that is accurate over a large range of effective ionic strength (0.0004–0.7 mol kg−1), temperature (0–95 °C), pH (1–10), and conductivity (30–70,000 μS cm−1). The method incorporates a reliable set of equations to calculate the ionic molal conductivities of cations and anions (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, NH 4 + , Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, F−, Cl−, Br−, SO 4 2 - , HCO 3 - , CO 3 2 - , NO 3 - , and OH−), environmentally important trace metals (Al3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, and Zn2+), and ion pairs ( HSO 4 - , NaSO 4 - , NaCO 3 - , and KSO 4 - ). These equations are based on new electrical conductivity measurements for electrolytes found in a wide range of [...]
