Most publications and presentations are available by contacting jkennedy@usgs.gov

SGP website: https://www.usgs.gov/centers/arizona-water-science-center/science/southwest-gravity-program

Absolute-Gravity Database: https://doi.org/10.5066/P984HN6J.

Gravity Data Releases: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5910bebae4b0e541a03ac8f8

Time-lapse investigations and data

Kennedy, J., R., Wildermuth, L., Knight, J.E., and Larsen, J., 2021, Improving groundwater model calibration with repeat microgravity measurements, Groundwater,  https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13167

Knight, J.E., Gungle, B., and Kennedy, J.R., 2021, Assessing potential groundwater-level declines from future withdrawals in the Hualapai Valley, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215077

Kennedy, J.R., Kahler, L.M., and Read, A.L., 2019, Aquifer storage change and storage properties, 2010–2017, in the Big Chino Subbasin, Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2019–5060, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195060.

Carruth, R.L., Kahler, L.M., and Conway, B.D., 2018, Groundwater-storage change and land-surface elevation change in Tucson Basin and Avra Valley, south-central Arizona—2003–2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5154, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185154.

Kennedy, J.R., 2018, Changes in Earth’s gravity reveal changes in groundwater storage: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2018–3032, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20183032.

Kennedy, J.R., Callegary, J.B., Macy, J.P., Reyes-Lopez, J.A., and Pérez-Flores, M.A., 2017, Geophysical Data Collected during the 2014 Minute 319 Pulse Flow: U.S. Geological Survey data release, http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7K935M8.

Kennedy, J.R., Robertson, A.J., Carruth, R.L., and Rinehart, A.J., 2017, Repeat microgravity data from Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, 2016-2017: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7BV7F3Q.

Kennedy, J.R., and Bell, M.T., 2017, Repeat microgravity data from Albuquerque and Bernalillo County, New Mexico, 2016-2017. U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F73F4NH4.

Kennedy, J. R., Rodríguez-Burgueño, J. E.,, and Ramírez-Hernández, J., 2016, Groundwater response to the 2014 pulse flow in the Colorado River Delta.:Ecological Engineering, 106, 715–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.10.072

Kennedy, J. R., Callegary, J. B., Macy, J. P., Reyes, J., and Pérez, M, 2016, Geophysical Data Collected during the 2014 Minute 319 Pulse Flow: US Geological Survey Open File Report 2017-1050. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20171050

Kennedy, J. R., Ferré, T. P. A., and Creutzfeldt, B., 2016, Time-lapse gravity data for monitoring and modeling artificial recharge through a thick unsaturated zone: Water Resources Research, 52(9), 7244–7261. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR018770.

Scanlon, B. R., Reedy, R. C., Faunt, C. C., Pool, D. R., and Uhlman, K., 2016, Enhancing drought resilience with conjunctive use and managed aquifer recharge in California and Arizona. Environmental Research Letters, 11(3), 35013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035013.

Scanlon, B.R., Zhang Z., Reedy, R.C., Pool, D.R., Save, H., Long, D., Chen, J., Wolock, D.M., Conway, B.D., and Winester, D., 2015, Hydrologic Implications of GRACE Satellite Data in the Colorado River Basin: Water Resources Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018090.

Cordova, J.T., Dickinson, J.E., Beisner, K.R., Hopkins, C.B., Kennedy, J.R., Pool, D.R., Glenn, E.P., Nagler, P.L., and Thomas, B.E., 2015, Hydrology of the middle San Pedro Watershed, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5040, 77 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20135040.

Kennedy, J.R., Koth, K.R., and Carruth, R.L., 2015, Surface and subsurface microgravity data in the vicinity of Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1043, 32 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151043.

Kennedy, J.R., 2015, Gravity data from the Sierra Vista Subwatershed, Upper San Pedro Basin, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1086, 26 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151086.

Macy, J.P., Amoroso, L., Kennedy, J., and Unema, J., 2012, Depth of cinder deposits and water-storage capacity at Cinder Lake, Coconino County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1018, 20 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1018.

Kennedy, J.R., and Winester, D., 2011, Gravity data from the San Pedro River Basin, Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1287, 11 p. and data files., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1287/

Pool, D.R., and Anderson, M.T., 2008, Ground-water storage change and land subsidence in Tucson Basin and Avra Valley, southeastern Arizona, 1998–2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5275, 34 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5275/

Pool, D.R., 2008, The utility of gravity and water-level monitoring at alluvial aquifer wells in southern Arizona: Geophysics, v. 73, no. 6, p. WA49–WA59, http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2980395

Hoffmann, J.P., Blasch, K.W., Pool, D.R., Bailey, M.A., and Callegary, J.B., 2007, Estimated infiltration, percolation, and recharge rates at the Rillito Creek focused recharge investigation site, Pima County, Arizona, in Stonestrom, D.A., Constantz, J., Ferré, T.P.A., and Leake, S.A., eds., Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1703-H, p. 185–220., http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1703/h/

Pool, D. R., 2005, Variations in climate and natural recharge in southeast Arizona: Water Resources Research, 41, W11403, doi:10.1029/2004WR003255.

Pool, D.R., Winester, D., and Cole, K.C., 2000, Land-subsidence and ground-water storage monitoring in the Tucson Active Management Area, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 084-00, 4 p., http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs08400

Pool, D.R., 1999, Aquifer-storage change in the Lower Canada del Oro subbasin, Pima County, Arizona, 1996–98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4067, 3 sheets.

Parker, J.T., and Pool, D.R., 1998, Use of microgravity to assess the effects of El Niño on ground-water: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 060-98, 2 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-060-98/

Pool, D.R., and W. Schmidt, 1997, Measurements of ground-water storage change and specific yield using the temporal gravity method near Rillito Creek, Tucson, Arizona: U. S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 97-4125, 30 p., http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri974125

Methods and Software

Kennedy, J.R., Pool, D.R., and Carruth, R.L., 2021, Procedures for field data collection, processing, quality assurance and quality control, and archiving of relative- and absolute-gravity surveys: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 2, chap. D4, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm2D4.

Kennedy, J., 2020, GSadjust v1.0: U.S. Geological Survey Software Release, 20 December 2020, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YEIOU8

Kennedy, J., and Ferré, T.P.A., 2016, Accounting for time- and space-varying changes in the gravity field to improve the network adjustment of relative-gravity data: Geophysical Journal International, v. 204, no. 2, p. 892-906 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv493

Kennedy, J., Ferré, T.P.A., Güntner, A., Abe, M., and Creutzfeldt, B., 2014, Direct measurement of subsurface mass change using the variable baseline gravity gradient method: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 41, no. 8, p. 2827–2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059673

Schmerge, D., Francis, O., Henton, J., Ingles, D., Jones, D., Kennedy, J., Krauterbluth, K., Liard, J., Newell, D., Sands, R., Schiel, A., Silliker, J., and van Westrum, D., 2012, Results of the first North American comparison of absolute gravimeters, NACAG-2012: Journal of Geodesy, vol. 86, no. 8, p. 591-596, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-011-0539-y

Jiang, Z., Francis, O., Vitushkin, L., Palinkas, V., Germak, A., Becker, M., D’Agostino, G., Amalvict, M., Bayer, R., Bilker-Koivula, M., Desogus, S., Faller, J., Falk, R., Hinderer, J., Gagnon, C., Jakob, T., Kalish, E., Kostelecky, J., Lee, C., Liard, J., Lokshyn, Y., Luck, B., Mäkinen, J., Mizushima, S., Le Moigne, N., Origlia, C., Pujol, E.R., Richard, P, Robertsson, L., Ruess, D., Schmerge, D., Stus, Y., Svitlov, S., Thies, S., Ullrich, C., Van Camp, M., Vitushkin, A., Ji, W., Wilmes, H., 2011, Final report on the Seventh International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters (ICAG-2005): Metrologia, v. 48, p. 246–260.

Ferré, T.P.A., Binley, A.M., Blasch, K.W., Callegary, J.B., Crawford, S.M., Fink, J.B., Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., Hoffmann, J.P., Izbicki, J.A., Levitt, M.T., Pool, D.R., and Scanlon, B.R., 2007, Geophysical methods for investigating ground-water recharge, in Stonestrom, D.A., Constantz, J., Ferré, T.P.A., and Leake, S.A., eds., Ground-water recharge in the arid and semiarid southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1703, Appendix 2, p. 375–412., http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1703/app2/

Blainey, J.B., Ferré, T.P A., and Cordova, J.T., 2007, Assessing the likely value of gravity and drawdown measurements to constrain estimates of hydraulic conductivity and specific yield during unconfined aquifer testing, Water Resour. Res., v. 43, no. 12, p. 1–9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005678.

Schmerge, D., and Francis, O., 2006, Set Standard Deviation, Repeatability, and Offset of Absolute Gravimeter A10-008: Metrologia, v. 43, no. 5, p. 414–418.

Goodrich, D.C., Williams, D.G., Unkrich, K.L., Hogan, J.F., Scott, R.L., Hultine, K.R., Pool, D.R., Coes, A.L., and Miller, S., 2004, Comparison of methods to estimate ephemeral channel recharge, Walnut Gulch, San Pedro River Basin, Arizona, in Hogan, J.F., Phillips, F.M., and Scanlon, B.R., eds., Groundwater recharge in a desert environment: the southwestern United States: AGU Water Science and Applications Series, v. 9, p. 77–99.

Pool, D.R., and Eychaner, J.H., 1995, Measurements of aquifer-storage change and specific yield using gravity surveys: Ground Water, v. 33, no. 3, p. 425–432.

Basin structure

Wildermuth, L.M., 2022, Gravity surveys for estimating possible width of enhanced porosity zones across structures on the Coconino Plateau, Coconino County, north-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5031, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225031.

Kennedy, J.R., 2020, Gravity surveys and depth to bedrock in the Truxton basin, northwestern Arizona, chap. C of Mason, J.P., ed., Geophysical surveys, hydrogeologic characterization, and groundwater flow model for the Truxton basin and Hualapai Plateau, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5017, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205017C.

Coes, A.L., Land, Michael, Densmore, J.N., Landrum, M.T., Beisner, K.R., Kennedy, J.R., Macy, J.P., and Tillman, F.D., 2015, Initial characterization of the groundwater system near the Lower Colorado Water Supply Project, Imperial Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report Series 2015–5102, 59 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155102.

Truini, M., Beard, L.S., Kennedy, J., and Anning, D.W., 2013, Hydrogeologic framework and estimates of groundwater storage for the Hualapai Valley, Detrital Valley, and Sacramento Valley basins, Mohave County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5275, 47 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5275/.

Beard, L. S., Kennedy, J., Truini, M., and Felger, T., 2011, Geologic map of Detrital, Hualapai, and Sacramento Valleys and surrounding areas, northwest Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1225, pamphlet 43 p., 1 map sheet, scale 1:250,000, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1225/.

Dickinson, J.E., Kennedy, J.R., Pool, D.R., Cordova, J.T., Parker, J.T., Macy, J.P., and Thomas, B., 2010, Hydrogeologic framework of the middle San Pedro watershed, southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5126, 36 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5126/

Pool, D. R., Carruth, R.L., and Meehan, W.D., 2001, Hydrogeology of the Picacho Basin, south-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 00-4277, 64 p., http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri004277

Presentations

Kennedy, J., Wildermuth, L., 2020, Monitoring the movement of artificial-recharge water with repeat microgravity surveys: 17^th Biannual Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge, Oct. 7-9, virtual.

Kahler, L. M., Bell, M., Robertson, A., Kennedy, J., 2019, Repeat Microgravity Monitoring of Rio Grande River Seepage and Groundwater Withdrawals in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, New Mexico Geological Society Spring Meeting, April 12, Socorro, NM.

Rinehart, A., Kennedy, J., Cadol, D., Kelley, S., Richards, M., Stark, K., 2019, Signals of focused recharge along an ephemeral wash by repeat microgravity surveys, Arroyo de los Pinos, NM, New Mexico, New Mexico Geological Society Spring Meeting, April 12, Socorro, NM.

Kennedy, J., 2019, Using cosmic-ray soil neutron sensing to separate changes in soil moisture from aquifer-storage change in gravity data, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics General Assembly, July 8-18, Montreal, Canada. 

Hicks, C. L., Porter, R.C., Umhoefer, P.J., Kennedy, J., Springer, A.E., 2019, Cenozoic extensional basins and their water content in the Eloy and Maricopa-Stanfield Basins: A geophysical and structural analysis. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Sept. 22-25, Phoenix, AZ

Kennedy, J., Van Westrum, D. 2019, Comparing approaches to network design and drift correction for relative-gravity surveys, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, Dec. 9-13, San Francisco, CA

Bell, M., Kahler, L., Kennedy, J., Robertson, A., 2019, A Microgravity Pilot Study: Insights into Storage Change, Specific Yield, and Groundwater/Surface Water Interaction in the Mesilla Groundwater Basin, New Mexico. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, Dec. 9-13, San Francisco, CA

Kennedy, J., 2018, Hydro-gravity signals, from large to small, First workshop on the international geodynamics and Earth tide service, June 18-20, Potsdam, Germany. 

Pool, D.R., and Scanlon, B. R., 2017, Simulation of space-based (GRACE) gravity variations caused by storage changes in large confined and unconfined aquifers, AGU Fall Meeting, New Orleans, LA. Abstract H13L-05

Kennedy, J.R., and Macy, J.P., 2017, Non-invasive water-table imaging with joint DC-resistivity/microgravity/hydrologic model inversion, AGU Fall Meeting, New Orleans, LA. Abstract NS11A-01, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmTZ1OZ6p8o

Kennedy, J., Bell, M., Norton, S., 2017, Using time-lapse gravity to monitor storage-change during a groundwater injection test in Albuquerque, NM, Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP 2017), Denver, CO.

Pool, D.R., J. Kennedy, P. MacQueen, and T.M. Neibauer, 2016, Hydrologic Interpretations of Long-Term Gravity Records at Tucson, Arizona, AGU Fall Meeting, Dec. 12-16, San Francisco, CA. Abstract H42D-06

Kennedy, J., Ramirez-Hernandez, J., and E. Rodriguez Burgueño, 2015, Experimental Floods in a Time of Drought: The 2014 Pulse Flow in the Lower Colorado River, Arizona, USA, and Mexico: AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA. Abstract H21B-1356.

Conway , B., and Carruth, R., 2015, Monitoring aquifer-storage change and land subsidence related to groundwater withdrawal in the Willcox and Douglas Groundwater Basins in Southeastern Arizona, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA Abstract NS51B-03

Kennedy, J., and Ferré, T., 2014, Too Fast to Measure: Network Adjustment of Rapidly Changing Gravity Fields, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA. Abstract G43C-02

Ferré, T.P A.; Kikuchi, C.; Vrugt, J.A.; Kennedy, J.; Bayley, T., 2014, Don’t Use Geophysics. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA. Abstract H43O-07

Kennedy, J.; Macy, J.P.; Callegary, J.B.; Lopez, J.R., 2014, Monitoring and modeling very large, rapid infiltration using geophysics during the 2014 Lower Colorado River pulse flow experiment AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA. Abstract NS41A-3830

Kennedy, J., Ferré, T.P., Abe, M., and Güntner, A., 2013, Increased accuracy through variable-baseline gradient measurements with multiple superconducting gravimeters: AGU Fall Meeting, Dec. 9–13, San Francisco, CA. Abstract G11A-0906

Kennedy, J., and Ferré, T., 2013, Newly developed gravity methods for monitoring infiltration and recharge: Arizona Hydrological Society Symposium, Sep. 18–20, Tucson, AZ.

Kennedy, J.,  Ferré, T., Creutzfeldt, B., Güntner, A., Neumeyer, J., Brinton, E., and Warburton, R., 2013, Smaller is better: first experiences using the iGrav superconducting gravimeter in a field enclosure. 17th International Symposium on Earth Tides, Apr. 15–19, Warsaw, Poland.

Creutzfeldt, B., Kennedy, J., and Ferré, T.P.A., 2012, Water-storage change measured with high-precision gravimetry at a groundwater recharge facility in Tucson, USA (Invited): AGU Fall Meeting, Dec. 3–7, San Francisco, CA. Abstract NS44A-02

Kennedy, J., B. Creutzfeldt, and P.A. Ferré. 2012,. Monitoring vadose zone infiltration with time-lapse gravity data at a municipal recharge and withdrawal facility (Invited): Geological Society of America annual meeting, Nov. 4–7, Charlotte, NC.

Kennedy, J., Creutzfeldt, B., Ferré, P.A., and Güntner, A., 2012. Gravity-measured water storage change and subsurface hydraulic properties at a managed recharge facility in Tucson, AZ (Invited): EAGE Near Surface Meeting, Sep. 3–5, Paris, France.

Kennedy J., Creutzfeldt B., and Ferré, T., 2012, Recent developments in the use of time-lapse gravity measurements to monitor groundwater storage change and infer aquifer properties: USGS Groundwater meeting, Aug. 6–10, Denver, CO.

Kennedy , J., Creutzfeldt, B., Ferré, P.A., and Güntner, A., 2012, Gravity-measured water storage change and subsurface hydraulic properties at a managed recharge facility in Tucson, AZ, presented at 2012 Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems Meeting, 25–29 Mar.

Macy, J., Amoroso, L. Kennedy, J., and Unema, J., 2012, Depth of cinder deposits and water-storage capacity at Cinder Lake, Coconino County, Arizona: Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP 2012), Mar. 25–29, Tucson, AZ.

Kennedy, J., Murdoch, L., Long, A., and Koth, K., 2011, Measuring groundwater flow at the Sanford Laboratory with coupled surface/subsurface time-lapse gravity measurements (Invited), Abstract NH54A-01 presented at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 5–9 Dec.

Kennedy, J., Pool, D., Ferré, P.A., and Wilson, C.A., 2011, Using high-resolution gravity and pumping data to infer aquifer parameters. Abstract H43E-1273 presented at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 5–9 Dec.

Pool, D.R., Kennedy, J.R., and Conway, B., 2010, Observations of the spatial and temporal distributions of gravity and water-mass change in the western United States, IGCP 565 Workshop 3: Separating Hydrological and Tectonic Signals in Geodetic Observations, Reno, Nev., October 11–13.

Winester, D., Pool, D.R., and Kennedy, J.P., 2010, A regional-scale network for geoid monitoring and satellite gravimetry validation: EOS Transactions, AGU, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract G41A-0795.

Kennedy, J., 2009, Debris flows and drought: Monitoring aquifer storage during hydrologic extremes in the upper San Pedro Basin, 2000–2009 [abs.]: Arizona Hydrological Society Symposium.

Carruth, R., and Kennedy, J., 2008, The use of gravity methods in Arizona’s Rural Watershed Initiative Projects, Abstract H21D-0868 presented at 2008 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 8–12 Dec.

Winester, D., Pool, D.R., and Hoffmann, J.P., 2006, Gravity monitoring of ground-water storage change in central and southern Arizona: EOS Transactions, AGU, v. 87, no. 52, Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract H41E-0449.

Schmerge, D.L., 2002, Relative microgravimetry applied to ground-water storage monitoring [abs.]: Instrumentation and Metrology in Gravimetry, Programs and Abstracts, Munsbach, Luxembourg, October 28–30, 2002, p. 30.

Pool, D.R., 2002, Gravity methods for monitoring ground-water storage change [abstract], in Geological Society of America 2002 Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs, Denver, Colo., October 27–30, 2002, p. 230.

Pool, D.R., and Wellman, J., 1998, Streamflow infiltration and ground-water recharge along the Rillito Creek in response to the 1993 and 1998 El Nino related precipitation [abs.]:Water at the Confluence of Science, Law, and Public Policy, Arizona Hydrological Society, Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium, Tucson, Ariz., September 23–26, 1998, p. 94–95.

Pool, D.R., and Eychaner, J.H., 1991, Temporal-microgravity measurements of aquifer storage change and specific yield along Pinal Creek, central Arizona [abs.]: Geological Society of America, 1991 Annual Meeting, San Diego, Calif., October 21–24, 1991, Abstracts and Programs, p. A124.

Pool, D.R., and Hatch, M., 1991, Gravity response to storage change in the vicinity of infiltration basins [abs.]: Phoenix, Salt River Project, Fifth Biennial Symposium on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater Proceedings, Tucson, Ariz., May 29–31, 1991, p. 169.