PURPOSE: The review and revision of the Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) for the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Arctic NWR) in northeastern Alaska is proposed. Originally established in 1960 as Arctic National Wildlife Range, Arctic NWR encompasses 19.3 million acres of land and water, including eight million acres of designated wilderness and three wild and scenic rivers (Ivishak, Sheenjek, and Wind rivers). At least 48 species of mammals are present at Arctic NWR, including several high-profile and special-status species: polar and grizzly bears, wolf, wolverine, Dalls sheep, moose, muskox, beluga whale, and two free-roaming caribou herds. At least 42 species of fish inhabit Refuge waters and more than 170 species of birds [...]