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Puhimau thermal area, located in the upper East Rift Zone of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai`i formed around 1936 when heat and gases migrated to the surface following a magma intrusion. As of April 2020, the area is about 0.2 km2 in size with regions of steaming ground. The site may be valuable for monitoring changes in gas and heat emissions related to movement of magma down the rift zone. On November 4-5, 2019 we used the accumulation chamber method and thermocouple probes to make 164 measurements of soil CO2 flux and temperature (20 cm depth) at 30-m spacing on a 0.2 km2 grid. Three gas samples were collected from areas of steaming ground on November 5-6, 2019 and analyzed for bulk chemical and carbon isotope (d13C-CO2)...
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Sulphur Banks, near the summit of Kīlauea Volcano on the Island of Hawai`i, is a thermal area where volcanic gases and steam are discharged. A research well drilled in the 1920s at Sulphur Banks (Allen, 1922) has developed into a “fumarole” that has been used for gas sampling over the years (e.g., Friedman and Reimer, 1987; Hilton and McMurtry, 1997; Shinohara and others, 1999), but has not been subject to periodic monitoring. Following the 2018 Kilauea eruption, draining of the lava lake, and cessation of activity at the summit (Neal and others, 2019), Sulphur Banks represents a continuing window into the outgassing dynamics at Kīlauea’s summit. Gas samples were collected at Sulphur Banks periodically since March...
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Following the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano (Neal et al, 2019) and the subsequent collapse of the Halema’uma’u crater, groundwater gradually seeped into the newly-deepened crater (Nadeau and others, 2020). Water was first observed in the crater on 7/26/2019, and the water level increased over time until 12/20/2020, when the crater again filled with lava, vaporizing the lake. In the intervening time, three sets of water samples were collected by unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) and analyzed for water chemistry, water isotopes, and sulfur isotopes. The solids filtered from the collected water samples were analyzed by XRD and SEM, as well as digested and analyzed for their chemical composition. Additionally, two...
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In early May 2018, activity at Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, increased, with heightened ash production from the summit commencing on May 17. Volcanic ash can scavenge volatile components from volcanic plumes, resulting in the deposition of potentially harmful elements during ash fallout. Leaching of these species (e.g., by rainfall or in water catchment systems) can have implications for agriculture, water resources and human health. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is sampling volcanic ash and utilizing ash leachate analyses as part of the assessment of hazards from the ongoing eruption of Kīlauea Volcano. We acquired 30 ash samples erupted from the summit of Kīlauea Volcano and collected downwind between May 10...
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A fissure eruption occurred in Kīlauea Volcano’s Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) from April to September 2018. During this event, volcanic gases were emitted from three active areas on the volcano. The most intense degassing occurred at the active fissures in the LERZ, thus causing parts of Hawaiʻi Island’s Puna district to be exposed to life-threatening sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations. At the same time, gas emissions from the volcano’s summit and East Rift Zone (ERZ) slowly declined from their decade-long averages as magma drained from the volcano’s shallow plumbing system. Throughout the eruption, the USGS used a Mobile Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (Mobile DOAS) to record ultraviolet (280 – 420...
This data release provides volcanic plume heights from the summit of Kīlauea Volcano for 2008-2015, and during the eruptive events of 2018. For 2018, a Secacam Wild Vision Full HD camera with a 7mm focal length was located at 1717 m elevation approximately 15 m south of the Mauna Loa Strip Road within Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, 19.475843°N, 155.363560°W (WGS84). The camera was pointed southeast to capture images of the Kīlauea caldera every two minutes. These images were used to calculate maximum plume heights within the full frame of the camera. For each two-minute image, the maximum plume heights above the Halemaʻumaʻu crater rim, and in the overall image, were calculated using the horizontal distance to...
Chemical and isotopic analyses are reported for water samples collected from water supply wells, a geothermal well in the Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV) power plant, a hot spring in the Puna District, a research well on the summit of Kīlauea Volcano (informally called “NSF Well”, or “Keller Well ”), and a water catchment in the headquarters area of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, Hawai'i. These water samples were collected and analyzed as part of research investigations on the potential impact of the 2018 Kilauea lower East Rift Zone and summit eruption on water supplies. The presented data allow for a comparison with data from an investigation carried out prior to the 2018 eruption (Evans and others, 2015 ). Water...
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This report documents the SO2 emission rates for the period 2014-2017, from the summit and East Rift Zone eruptions of Kīlauea, along with the wind or plume speed and direction data used to calculate the emission rates. The Kīlauea summit SO2 emission rates are reported every ten seconds, as measured by a novel configuration of 10 fixed, upward looking UV spectrometers (FLYSPEC array), and for days with at least 2 hours of data, the daily means are reported. The plume or wind speeds used to calculate the emission rates are measured by cross correlation of plume features (see William-Jones and others (2006)) or by ground-based anemometer (SDH) and are reported with the emission rates. When the SDH ground based wind...
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Kīlauea Volcano on the Island of Hawai‘i was in a state of nearly continuous eruption from 1983 – 2018. Large amounts of sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) were released from the volcano’s East Rift Zone (ERZ) during the entire eruptive period, and from the Overlook vent at the summit of the volcano from 2008-2018. This data release presents ground-based estimates of SO2 emission rates from the two gas emission sources for the period 2008-2013. For the two-year period 2008-2010, the summit data have been revised from previously published emission rates (Elias and Sutton, 2012). During this era, very high emissions from the volcano’s newly active lava lake led to opaque plumes and challenges in accurately quantifying SO2 column...
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Measurement of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates is a critical aspect of monitoring and studying active volcanoes. Changes in emission rate are often associated with changes in volcanic activity and in some cases may herald future changes in activity. At the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), emission rates of SO2 from Hawaiian volcanoes have been measured by ultraviolet spectrometer since the late 1970s [Casadevall and others, 1987]. Here we present a compilation of SO2 emission rate measurements made from 2018 to 2022. The emission rates (in t/d) span five orders of magnitude through a range of activity styles unprecedented in recent times, including caldera collapse [Anderson and others, 2019], the first prolonged...
    map background search result map search result map SO2 emission rates from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (2014-2017) Volcanic ash leachate and rainwater chemistry from increased 2018 activity of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy data acquired during the 2018 rift eruption of Kīlauea Volcano Gas emission and ground temperature measurements at Puhimau thermal area, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai`i Groundwater chemistry in the Lower East Rift Zone and summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, 2008-2013 Gas chemistry and isotope compositions at Sulphur Banks, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai`i Volcanic plume heights from the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i Chemical and isotopic composition of gas, water, and solids from the 2019-2020 water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Hawaiian volcanoes, 2018-2022 Chemical and isotopic composition of gas, water, and solids from the 2019-2020 water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii Gas emission and ground temperature measurements at Puhimau thermal area, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai`i Volcanic plume heights from the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, 2008-2013 SO2 emission rates from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (2014-2017) Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy data acquired during the 2018 rift eruption of Kīlauea Volcano Volcanic ash leachate and rainwater chemistry from increased 2018 activity of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Hawaiian volcanoes, 2018-2022 Groundwater chemistry in the Lower East Rift Zone and summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i