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This chapter describes the procedures for digital data entry to be used by the staff at the Environmental Management Technical Center. Included are procedures for creating a coverage, registering a base map, digitizing with an automated program (Production ARCEDIT), generating topology for a coverage, and attributing. The two main issues during this procedure are digitizing error and quality control. The Appendixes contain forms and other information needed for the digital data entry procedure.
Hydraulic functions of retention devices in natural large rivers have been studied. An evaluation of detention devices formed due to side channels, islands, backwaters, and stump fields within the Upper Mississippi Pools has shown that these are quite significant and in some cases these detention areas within the channel borders can occupy as much as 75 to 93% of the total surface area. A large eddy on the order of the width of the Mississippi River in Pool 19 is used to illustrate the travel time in the hydraulic retention areas.
Resource managers are realizing the benefits of using geographic information systems to supply visual spactal data for use in making informed management decisions. This report details the ARC/INFO (ESRI, Redlands, CA) procedures used at the Environmental Management Technical Center in Onalaska, Wisconsin, to assist Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge mangers in the process of acquiring refuge land through a land exchange. Refuge managers required boundaries for both 430- and 500-acre parcels that included the most desirable land cover/use types. Hardcopy maps of the area showing the total acreage for each land cover/use type will be used during land exchange negotiations.
The Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) has been dramatically altered by changing land use and management practices within its basin. One consequence of these changes is the severe environmental problem of increased sedimentation in river backwater areas. The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program is addressing this problem by expanding and initiating new research of sediment movement in the UMRS. As part of its new research, this annotated bibliography was generated to identify, review, and provide information about studies associated with sediment transport and deposition in large river environments. It contains 275 citations and abstracts for works that were published primarily between 1970 and early 1995. A...
Phase I of the Pool 8 Islands Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Project (HREP) was designed to improve habitat for fish and waterfowl in an area enclosed by a U-shaped system of islands (Horseshoe Island, river miles 684- 688). The Phase I project included closure of inlets at the upstream end of Horseshoe Island in the summer of 1989. Since July 1988, the Wisconsin Field Station of the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program for the Upper Mississippi River System has been monitoring water quality (current velocity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, Secchi disk transparency, and specific conductance) at one permanent sampling station within the study area enclosed by Horseshoe Island. Three additional...
The frequency and severity of flooding in the Upper Mississippi River Basin is influenced by three major factors: the amount and timing of precipitation, the condition of the basin's stream channels and floodplains, and the timing and rate of storm water conveyance off the watershed, which is a function of soil condition, extent of impervious surface, vegetation density, and other factors. To the extent that changing precipitation patterns result from human-caused changes in the global climate, this factor can be addressed through international efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Careful planning and design can provide some control over the condition of channels, floodplains, and watersheds. The primary...
The geographic information system pilot project on Pool 13 of the Upper Mississippi River System was initiated to evaluate system-wide application of various methods of capturing, processing and converting resource data. Classification schemes were developed for two data themes: land cover/land use (vegetation) and aquatic areas. Evaluation of 1:15,000 scale aerial photography indicated that (1) color infrared transparencies were essential for accurately mapping major vegetation classes and vegetation units less than 1 acre; (2) color infrared prints were essential for field work (delineating work areas on the photos and identifying in the field; (3) true color (Ektachrome) transparencies and prints were not useful...
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Movement of recreational boats in a waterway such as the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) may generate waves of sufficient degree to impact the river biota and the stability of the shorelines. A research project aiming to determine the characteristics of waves generated by recreational craft within the UMPS has been completed, and this is the first of a two-part paper that presents results. Part II presents the results of uncontrolled movement. To meet the objectives of the project, 246 controlled runs were made with 12 different boats at two sites, one on the Illinois River and the other on the Mississippi River. Data from this study indicated that recreational boats can generate from 4 to 40 waves per event,...
The conventional approach to maintaining biological diversity generally has been to proceed species by species and threat by threat. We suggest that piecemeal approaches are not adequate by themselves to address the accelerating extinction crisis and, furthermore, they contribute to an unpredictable ecological and economic environment. Here, we describe a methodology called Gap Analysis, which identifies the gaps in representation of biological diversity (biodiversity) in areas managed exclusively or primarily for the long-term maintenance of populations of native species and natural ecosystems (hereinafter referred to as biodiversity management areas). Once identified, gaps are filled through new reserve acquisitions...
The Finger Lakes Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Project(HREP) is intended to improve winter habitat conditions for fish in a series of interconnected backwater lakes of the Mississippi River near Alma, Wisconsin. Winter habitat requirements (temperature, flow velocity, and dissolved oxygen) for the target fish population in the Finger Lakes have been defined and limnologcal efforts have been aimed at quantifying the spatial-temporal patterns and interrelationships among water movement, oxygen, and temperature. The progress to date (pre-construction) has included detailed investigations into (1) system hydrology (including dye-tracer studies), (2) oxygen supply and depletion, (3) temperature regime, (4) aquatic...
The bathymetric and bed material characteristics of Pool 19 on the Mississippi River have been analyzed and presented in this report. These data are illustrated and described at 13 main channel, 2 side channel, 1 tributary mouth, 1 island cross channel, and several spot locations in side channels. The river was traced from river mile 410.0 in the tailwater below Lock and Dam 18 to river mile 364.5 just upstream of Lock and Dam 19 and the power plant at Keokuk, Iowa. More detail was given for several areas where habitat succession is taking place as sedimentation raises the bed near enough to the water surface so that rooted macrophytes can become established and survive floods and winter ice cover. Both the plan...
The longitudinal and transverse components of flow velocity, as well as the normal and tangential stresses, must be expected to fluctuate with time and space when flow at a high Reynolds number moves between fixed boundaries. Although these nonperiodic fluctuations are generally secondary in magnitude compared to the mean motion, they have profound effects on properties of the primary mean motion. Scientists from the Illinois State Water Survey are involved in collecting and analyzing detailed velocity data from the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers using 2-D electromagnetic current meters. The goal of the present research is to understand and evaluate the turbulent structure in natural river systems, especially near...
The Mississippi River System, including the Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri Rivers, has been modified for use by commercial traffic. Tows with barges, including those transporting to the Great Lakes System, are used to transport commodities up and down the river. Barges moving on the Mississippi River System normally have a draft of 9 feet, a width of 35 feet, and a length of 195 feet. Usually barge configuration on the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) consists of a system of 5 barges tied together and moving 3 abreast. This results in a planform surface area of 975 square feet. Average speed of the barges varies from about 3.5 mph to about 11 mph. Research was conducted on the UMRS to determine the physical impacts...
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville District, conducted a pilot application of Navigation Predictive Analysis Technique (NAVPAT), a model for assessing incremental environmental effects of commercial navigation traffic on main channel Upper Mississippi River Pool 13. Upper Mississippi River Pool 13 was divided into units of similar habitat. Seasonal changes in stage and discharge were included. River reaches were described, including analysis of banks, mapping of depths and substrate, and measurement of water velocity. The needed economic data were developed from 1989 actual usage of Lock 13 (44 million tons). Two traffic scenarios, 44 and 88 million tons, were developed for the Pool 13 application. Each...
Moisture content, bulk density, and organic content of surficial sediments were estimated with a penetrometer in Navigation Pools 4 and 8 of the Upper Mississippi River during 1994 and 1995. Mean moisture content of sediment was low in both Pool 4 (39%, SD = 15.0%) and Pool 8 (34%, SD = 13.7%), suggesting that soft, fine sediments are uncommon in these pools. Sediment in much of the off-channel habitat was found to have similarly low moisture content. Sediment in small backwaters was particularly low in moisture content, although areas with sediment moisture content greater than 70% were found in small backwaters. Sediment in the large backwaters of Pool 4 was similar to sediment in the small backwaters of Pools...
Net sedimentation rates were obtained for backwaters of the Upper Mississippi River in Pools 4, 8, and 13 by measuring annual bed elevation changes along transects between 1997 and 2001. Average sedimentation rates (cmּyr�1) during the 5-yr period were lower than most previously reported rates in backwaters of the River, with means of –0.08 (standard error [SE] = 0.18) in Pool 4, 0.21 (SE = 0.10) in Pool 8, and 0.47 (SE = 0.26) in Pool 13.�Poolwide estimated mean sedimentation rates in the terrestrial areas adjacent to backwaters appeared higher, ranging from 0.32 (SE = 0.14) to 0.78 (SE = 0.25) cmּyr�1, but were not significantly different than rates in aquatic areas.�When averaged over the study period, sedimentation...
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