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Nitrate-nitrogen export from the Raccoon River watershed in west-central Iowa is among the highest in the United State and contributes to impairment of downstream water quality. We examined a rare long-term record of streamflow and nitrate concentration data (1972–2000) to evaluate annual and seasonal patterns of nitrate losses in streamflow and baseflow from the Raccoon River. Combining hydrograph separation with a load estimation program, we estimated that baseflow contributes approximately two-thirds (17.3 kg/ha) of the mean annual nitrate export (26.1 kg/ha). Baseflow transport was greatest in spring and late fall when baseflow contributed more than 80% of the total export. Herein we propose a ‘baseflow enrichment...
The goal of this study is to define the baseflow needs of endangered fish populations in the Yampa River. The approach taken was to simulate habitat availability associated with several low flow scenarios and relate changes in habitat availability to habitat use by endangered fishes.
A trend of increasing streamflow has been observed in the Mississippi River (MR) basin since the 1940 s as a result of increased precipitation. Herein we show that increasing MR flow is mainly in its baseflow as a result of land use change and accompanying agricultural activities that occurred in the MR basin during the last 60 years. Agricultural land use change in the MR basin has affected the basin-scale hydrology: more precipitation is being routed into streams as baseflow than stormflow since 1940 s. We explain that the conversion of perennial vegetation to seasonal row crops, especially soybeans, in the basin since 1940 s may have reduced evapotranspiration, increased groundwater recharge, and thus increased...
Summary Process-based hydrologic models are usually calibrated prior to application to ensure that they closely match reality. However, different hydrologic response to varied climatic conditions might affect model calibration and validation. A case study was conducted for a 901 km2 watershed of northern Michigan to compare the effects of calibrating the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model with different climatic datasets representing drought (1948–1949) versus average (1969–1970) conditions. The effects of the different climatic conditions on parameter response and sensitivity were evaluated, and performance of the two calibration versions was compared using a common validation period, 1950–1965....
A study was conducted to understand the contributions of tile flow and baseflow to total nitrate-N (NO3-N) loadings in two subsurface (tile)-drained watersheds, namely the Big Ditch (BD) and the Upper Embarras River (UER) watersheds in Illinois. Two stream sections were selected in the watersheds and rectangular cutthroat flumes were installed at the upstream and downstream ends of the stream sections to calculate the flow mass balance for separating baseflow. The stream section at BD site had two tile outlets draining into it. The stream section at UER watershed did not have any tile drain. Tile flow was also measured along with stream flow. Water samples were collected not only from the stream sections using auto-samplers...