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We estimated global cyanobacterial biomass in the main reservoirs of cyanobacteria on Earth: marine and freshwater plankton, arid land soil crusts, and endoliths. Estimates were based on typical population density values as measured during our research, or as obtained from literature surveys, which were then coupled with data on global geographical area coverage. Among the marine plankton, the global biomass of Prochlorococcus reaches 120 × 10^12 grams of carbon (g C), and that of Synechoccus some 43 × 10^12 g C. This makes Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, in that order, the most abundant cyanobacteria on Earth. Tropical marine blooms of Trichodesmium account for an additional 10 × 10^12 g C worldwide. In terrestrial...
Present power markets are designed for trading conventional generation. For wind generation to participate in a short-term energy market, lengthy wind power production forecasts are required. Although wind speed forecasting techniques are constantly improving, wind speed forecasts are never perfect, and resulting wind power forecast errors imply imbalance costs for wind farm owners. In this paper, a new method for minimization of imbalance costs is developed. Stochastic programming is used to generate optimal wind power production bids for a short-term power market. A Wind power forecast error is represented as a stochastic process. The imbalance costs resulting from this strategy are then compared to the case when...
Oil spill response, whether planned by government agencies, oil spill cooperatives or individual companies, can be planned and carried out with the goal of minimizing ecological impacts, not merely removing visible oil. Two oil spill cooperatives on the west coast are implementing such planning. First, a coastal survey was conducted in the cooperative's area of responsibility. Physical processes and habitat types were examined. Oil spill cleanup guidelines were written for each habitat type. Biologically sensitive areas, those sites most vulnerable to oil spill impacts, were identified. Strategies were developed to protect most sensitive areas, i.e., prevent spilled oil from reaching them. Protection is the preferred...