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Energy autarky is presented as a conceptual framework for implementing sustainable regional development based on the transformation of the energy subsystem. It is conceptualized as a situation in which the energy services used for sustaining local consumption, local production and the export of goods and services are derived from locally renewable energy resources. Technically, the implementation of higher degrees of energy autarky rests on increasing energy efficiency, realizing the potential of renewable energy resources and relying on a decentralized energy system. Practically, a transition towards regional energy autarky requires administrations and civil society actors to initialize and develop projects at...
Since last century, modern agriculture has depended on fossil fuels. New Zealand is one of the three countries with the highest energy input per unit (in agriculture) in the world. Furthermore, in terms of shipping, the influence of increasing fuel costs in the world is greater on New Zealand farming than in other countries. This study examined fuel consumption in wheat production in New Zealand (Canterbury area). Fuel consumption in wheat production was analyzed based on the operational fuel consumption by field machinery. Total fuel consumption in wheat production was estimated at 65.3 l/ha. On average fuel consumption in tillage and harvesting are more than in other operations with 29.6 l/ha (45%) and 18 l/ha...
Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a vertebrate pesticide widely used for possum control in New Zealand. Fluoroacetate is also a toxic component of poisonous plants found in Australia, South Africa, South America, and India. Because of its importance and effectiveness in pest control and the highly toxic nature of this compound, its acute sub-lethal and target organ toxicity have been extensively studied. In relation to its use as a pesticide its environmental fate, persistence, non-target impacts and general toxicology have been and continue to be extensively studied. Toxic baits must be prepared and used with extreme care, otherwise humans, livestock, and non-target wildlife will be put at risk. The high risk...
Energy autarky is presented as a conceptual framework for implementing sustainable regional development based on the transformation of the energy subsystem. It is conceptualized as a situation in which the energy services used for sustaining local consumption, local production and the export of goods and services are derived from locally renewable energy resources. Technically, the implementation of higher degrees of energy autarky rests on increasing energy efficiency, realizing the potential of renewable energy resources and relying on a decentralized energy system. Practically, a transition towards regional energy autarky requires administrations and civil society actors to initialize and develop projects at...
Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a vertebrate pesticide widely used for possum control in New Zealand. Fluoroacetate is also a toxic component of poisonous plants found in Australia, South Africa, South America, and India. Because of its importance and effectiveness in pest control and the highly toxic nature of this compound, its acute sub-lethal and target organ toxicity have been extensively studied. In relation to its use as a pesticide its environmental fate, persistence, non-target impacts and general toxicology have been and continue to be extensively studied. Toxic baits must be prepared and used with extreme care, otherwise humans, livestock, and non-target wildlife will be put at risk. The high risk...
The use of advanced modelling methods in ecology expands as ecological data accumulates and increases in complexity. Artificial neural networks (ANN), and in particular, the self-organising map (SOM), has become very popular for analysing particular kinds of ecological datasets. As SOM have become more utilised, it has become increasingly clear that the results of SOM models must be interpreted carefully. SOM have been used in a number of ecological studies to investigate the spatial distribution of species. When using presence–absence data of species distributions at given locations, the input vectors to a SOM are binary and the connection weights after learning are between 0 and 1. Using fuzzy set theory, we...
Since last century, modern agriculture has depended on fossil fuels. New Zealand is one of the three countries with the highest energy input per unit (in agriculture) in the world. Furthermore, in terms of shipping, the influence of increasing fuel costs in the world is greater on New Zealand farming than in other countries. This study examined fuel consumption in wheat production in New Zealand (Canterbury area). Fuel consumption in wheat production was analyzed based on the operational fuel consumption by field machinery. Total fuel consumption in wheat production was estimated at 65.3 l/ha. On average fuel consumption in tillage and harvesting are more than in other operations with 29.6 l/ha (45%) and 18 l/ha...