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For much of the western USA, precipitation occurs in pulses, the nature of which determine soil water potential and plant physiological performance. This research utilized three experiments to examine the sensitivity of photosynthesis and water relations for two widespread Great Basin Desert shrub species, Artemisia tridentata (which has both deep and shallow roots) and Purshia tridentata (which reportedly has only deep roots), to (1) variation in pulse magnitude size, (2) the kinetics of responses to pulses, and (3) the relationship between pulse-size and antecedent soil water content. At the study site in the southwestern Great Basin Desert, USA, summer rainfall exhibits a greater frequency of larger-sized events,...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation,
Journal Citation;
Tags: CO2 assimilation,
Plant Ecology,
antelope bitterbrush,
climate change,
coal,
A natural rainfall study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage and herbicide application methods on crop residue cover, surface runoff volume, erosion, and herbicide losses with sediment and runoff water. Sediment, water, and three herbicides (atrazine [(6-chloro-N-ethyl)-N-(1-methylethyl-1,3,5 triazine)-2-4-diamine], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)], and cyanazine [2-{{4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,4-triazin-2-yl}amino}-2-methylpropionitrile]) losses were measured from continuous corn runoff plots (1.7×12.0 m long) in 1993 and 1994. Four tillage/herbicide application treatments were studied: no-till/herbicide broadcast sprayed (NT), fall chisel plow-spring disk/herbicide...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Cultivation,
Data Visualization & Tools,
Herbicide application methods,
Herbicide losses with runoff,
Landscapes,
These GIS grids were produced from NOAA precipitation frequency estimates for North America based on precipitation data collected from 1816 to 2014. The grids provide data for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year recurrence intervals for a 24-hour duration. Grid values are in inches.
This data release supports the analysis of the recurrence interval of post-fire debris-flow generating rainfall in the southwestern United States. We define the recurrence interval of the peak 15-, 30-, and 60-minute rainfall intensities for 316 observations of post-fire debris-flow occurrence in 18 burn areas, 5 U.S. states, and 7 climate types. These data support the analysis described in Staley et al. (2020). Debris flow occurrence data and corresponding peak rainfall intensities are from Staley et al. (2016). Recurrence interval data are from NOAA Atlas 14 Volume 1: semiarid southwestern United States (Bonnin et al., 2004), Volume 6: California (Perica et al., 2014) and Volume 8: Midwestern States (Perica...
Categories: Data;
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: Arizona,
California,
Colorado,
Debris Flow,
Geography,
The shapefile associated with this metadata file represents the spatial distribution of mean annual water-budget components, in inches, for the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. The water-budget components in the shapefile were computed by a water-budget model for a scenario representative of drought conditions (1998–2002 rainfall) and 2010 land cover, as described in USGS Scientific Investigations Report (SIR) 2015-5010. The model was developed for estimating groundwater recharge and other water-budget components for each subarea of the model. The model subareas were generated using Esri ArcGIS software by intersecting (merging) multiple spatial data sets that characterize the spatial distribution of rainfall, fog interception,...
Egg production by desert tortoises was estimated at two sites in San Bernardino, California: Ivanpah Valley in 1980 and 1981 and Goffs in 1983, 1984 and 1985. Mean clutch frequencies were estimated for 1980 (1.60) and 1981 (1.10) from mass changes observed among sexually mature females weighed every 1-2 wk. Mean clutch frequencies in 1983 (1.89), 1984 (1.57) and 1985 (1.75) were estimated from periodic X-rays of females. Clutch sizes were also determined from radiographs. Tortoises at Goffs typically laid 1-2 clutches during May and June, but one female failed to lay eggs in 1984 and single tortoises laid three clutches in 1983 and 1985. If tortoises laid two clutches, the second was faintly visible in X-rays within...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation,
Journal Citation;
Tags: Clutch frequency,
Clutch size,
Desert tortoise,
Egg production,
Hatching success,
In the expectation that global climate will change steadily in the coming decades, this research project had the goal to obtain a more detailed view of the climatic changes that Hawai’i could experience by the mid and late 21st century. Given the importance of rainfall for Hawaiian ecosystems and freshwater reserves, this project investigated past seasonal rainfall pattern and developed a statistical model to estimate future rainfall changes for the major islands. As a result of this research, high-resolution maps and data are now available that researchers can use to study potential impacts on endangered species, or use the rainfall changes as input in decision-support tools.This data product provides data files...
Categories: Data;
Tags: 21st Century,
CMIP5,
Climate Change,
Drought, Fire and Extreme Weather,
Extreme Weather,
On May 25, 2014, a rain-on-snow induced rock avalanche occurred in the West Salt Creek Valley on the northern flank of Grand Mesa in western Colorado. The avalanche traveled 4.6 km down the confined valley, killing 3 people. The avalanche was rare for the contiguous U.S. because of its large size (54.5 Mm3) and long travel distance. To understand the avalanche failure sequence, mechanisms, and mobility, we mapped landslide structures, geology, and ponds at 1:1000-scale. We used high-resolution, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) imagery from July 2014 as a base for our field mapping. Here we present the map data and UAS imagery. The data accompany an interpretive paper published in the journal Geosphere. The full citation...
Types: Citation,
Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: Collbran,
Colorado,
Grand Mesa,
Green River Formation,
UAS,
This shapefile represents the spatial distribution of mean annual water-budget components, in inches, for the Island of Maui, Hawaii. The water-budget components in the shapefile were computed by a water-budget model for a scenario representative of current conditions (2001-10 rainfall and 2001-10 land cover), as described in USGS Scientific Investigations Report (USGS SIR) 2015-5164. The model was developed for estimating groundwater recharge and other water-budget components for each subarea of the model. The model-subarea dataset, consisting of 318,429 subareas (polygons), was generated using Esri ArcGIS software by intersecting (merging) multiple spatial datasets. Spatial datasets merged include those that characterize...
Macroclimatic drivers, such as temperature and rainfall regimes, greatly influence ecosystem structure and function in tidal saline wetlands. Understanding the ecological influence of macroclimatic drivers is important because it provides a foundation for anticipating the effects of climate change. Tidal saline wetlands include mangrove forests, salt marshes, and salt flats, which occupy similar geomorphic settings but different climatic regimes. However, most global- or regional-scale analyses have treated these wetlands as independent systems. Here we used climate and literature-derived ecological data from all three systems, collected across targeted regional-scale macroclimatic gradients, to test hypotheses...
Hawaii’s high and steep topography leads to pronounced small-scale variations in climate, and this makes comprehensive modeling of the weather and climate particularly challenging. This paper describes a regional model formulation designed for simulations of the microclimates in Hawaii and then documents and analyzes an extended retrospective simulation for near-present-day conditions. Part II will apply the model to projected climate conditions near the end of the present century. A nested version of the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with fine horizontal resolution and improved physics for the Hawaiian region has been configured. A 20-yr triply nested simulation of the...
Categories: Publication;
Types: Citation;
Tags: Dynamical Downscaling,
Hawai'i,
Microclimate,
Pacific Islands CASC,
Rainfall
One of the determinants of runoff is the occurrence of excess rainfall events where rainfall rates exceed the infiltration capacity of soils. To help understand runoff risks, we calculated the probability of excess rainfall events across the Hawaiian landscape by comparing the probability distributions of projected rainfall frequency and land cover-specific infiltration capacity. We characterized soil infiltration capacity based on different land cover types (bare soil, grasses, and woody vegetation) and compared them to the frequency of large rainfall events under current and future (pseudo-global warming) climate scenarios. Here we provide a raster stack that contain the probability of excess rainfall exceeding...
Categories: Data;
Types: Downloadable,
GeoTIFF,
Map Service,
Raster;
Tags: Climate Shift,
Ecohydrology,
Hawai’i,
Infiltration,
Landcover,
These data are records collected from six automated weather stations in operation between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015 within the Colorado River Corridor of Grand Canyon National Park and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. Data collection locations, equipment configurations and methods follow those of the original report (OFR 2014-1247). These files are 4-minute interval data for each of the automated weather stations, tab separated by parameter (wind direction, wind speed, wind gusts, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, and rainfall). Climatic conditions during the reporting period were warm and dry early in 2014 and transitioned to average to slightly above precipitation from mid-2014...
Seasonal variations in vegetation, rainfall, and soil moisture conditions have the potential to impact the slope stability of locally forested coastal bluffs in the Atlantic Highlands of New Jersey. Both the seasonality and rainfall amounts of the two types of storms that induce shallow landslides in the area vary considerably. Most of the documented historical landslides are the result of heavy rainfall caused by late summer-fall tropical cyclones. The majority of the remaining documented landslides are related to spring nor’easters and total storm rainfall amounts for these storms are generally lower than the rainfall amounts for the tropical cyclones. In order to assess how conditions that may affect the potential...
Categories: Data;
Tags: Borough of Atlantic Highlands,
Borough of Highlands,
Geomorphology,
Hydrology,
New Jersey,
This shapefile represents the spatial distribution of mean annual water-budget components, in inches, for the Island of Maui, Hawaii. The water-budget components in the shapefile were computed by a water-budget model for a scenario representative of predevelopment conditions (1978–2007 rainfall and 1870 land cover), as described in USGS Scientific Investigations Report (SIR) 2015-5164. The model was developed for estimating groundwater recharge and other water-budget components for each subarea of the model. The model-subarea dataset, consisting of 318,429 subareas (polygons), was generated using Esri ArcGIS software by intersecting (merging) multiple spatial datasets. Spatial datasets merged include those that...
This map service includes data on common variables of climate for Canada. Layers in this map service include daylight hours in December and June (solstice months), annual min, max, and mean temperatures, total rainfall and total snowfall. Data for all layers represent mean values from 1951 to 1980. Map Service published and hosted by Esri Canada, © 2011.
Categories: Data;
Types: ArcGIS REST Map Service,
Map Service;
Tags: Canada,
Climate,
Daylight,
ESRI Canada,
Education,
The data presented here contain quasi-event hydrologic response characteristics for quickflow response intervals (QRIs) calculated at 57 USGS GAGES-II reference watersheds in the western US. Each row in the attached csv contains characteristics for an individual QRI at one site. QRI characteristics include duration, antecedent flow, input, input rate,peak flow, potential evapotranspiration, quickflow, and quickflow/input (effectively a runoff ratio). This data release supports the publication "Sub-annual streamflow responses to rainfall and snowmelt inputs in snow-dominated watersheds of the western U.S." in Water Resources Research.
Categories: Data;
Tags: Geography,
Hydrology,
USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC),
Water Resources,
inlandWaters,
Rain-gages are critical instrumentation for documenting the rainfall forcing of post-wildfire hydrologic, erosional, and water-quality response. This USGS Data Release presents tipping-bucket rain gage data following two wildfires: the 2000 Cerro Grande Fire near Los Alamos, New Mexico and the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire near Boulder, Colorado. The data presented in this USGS Data Release are used for analyses that demonstrate important concepts in precipitation characteristics that relate to temporal and spatial scales. Further information regarding the location and data processing are available in the metadata.
This data release consists of four network Common Data Form (netCDF) files of bias-corrected daily precipitation at 1-kilometer (km) scale for historical and projected climate of Puerto Rico. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used by Bowden and others (2018) to downscale two general circulation models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5): (1) the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4 or CESM), and (2) the Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques-CERFACS (CNRM). The two models were dynamically downscaled using WRF for a historical (1985-2005) time slice and a future time slice (2040–60) under the high greenhouse gas emission scenario known as Representative...
This shapefile represents the spatial distribution of mean annual water-budget components, in inches, for the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. The water-budget components in the shapefile were computed by a water-budget model for a scenario representative of current conditions (2001-10 rainfall and 2001-10 land cover), as described in USGS Scientific Investigations Report (USGS SIR) 2015-5164. The model was developed for estimating groundwater recharge and other water-budget components for each subarea of the model. The model-subarea dataset, consisting of 395,955 subareas (polygons), was generated using Esri ArcGIS software by intersecting (merging) multiple spatial datasets. Spatial datasets merged include those that characterize...
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