Precipitation (Mean: July - Sep) - 2020-2050 - RCP4.5 - Min

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Temperature (Mean: Apr - June) - 2020-2050 - RCP8.5 - Max

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Temperature (Mean: Dec - Mar) - 2020-2050 - RCP4.5 - Mean

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Temperature (Mean: July - Sep) - 2020-2050 - RCP4.5 - Max

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Temperature (Mean: July - Sep) - 2020-2050 - RCP4.5 - Mean

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Temperature (Mean: July - Sep) - 2020-2050 - RCP4.5 - Min

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Temperature (Minimum: January) - 2070-2100 - RCP8.5 - Min

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Precipitation (Mean: Annual) - 2070-2100 - RCP4.5 - Min

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Temperature (Mean: Annual) - 2070-2100 - RCP4.5 - Max

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Temperature (Mean: Annual) - 2020-2050 - RCP4.5 - Min

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Precipitation (Proportion May - Oct) - 2070-2100 - RCP4.5 - Max

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Precipitation (Mean: Apr - June) - 2020-2050 - RCP8.5 - Mean

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Precipitation (Mean: Apr - June) - 2020-2050 - RCP8.5 - Min

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Precipitation (Mean: Dec - Mar) - 2070-2100 - RCP4.5 - Mean

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Precipitation (Mean: Dec - Mar) - 2020-2050 - RCP8.5 - Max

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Precipitation (Proportion July - Sep) - 2020-2050 - RCP4.5 - Mean

Future climates are simulated by general circulation models (GCM) using climate change scenarios (IPCC 2014). To project climate change for the sagebrush biome, we used 11 GCMs and two climate change scenarios from the IPCC Fifth Assessment, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 (Moss et al. 2010, Van Vuuren et al. 2011). RCP4.5 scenario represents a future where climate policies limit and achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations to 4.5 W m-2 by 2100. RCP8.5 scenario might be called a business-as-usual scenario, where high emissions of greenhouse gases continue in the absence of climate change policies. The two selected time frames allow comparison of near-term (2020-2050) and longer-term...

Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, GeoTIFF, Map Service, Raster; Tags: Arizona, CRS, California, Climate, Colorado, All tags... Greater Sage-Grouse, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Precipitation, Resilience, Resistance, Sagebrush, Science Framework, ScienceFramework, South Dakota, Temperature, USDA, USFS, USGS, Utah, Washington, Western States, Wyoming, environment, geoscientificInformation, Fewer tags

Liquid water content, coastal fog events, San Mateo County, California

Measurements of liquid water content (LWC) of coastal fog events were collected using specialized fog water collection units during the hot dry summer season (July to September) and continued through the winter. These data were assembled to explore the potential of fog water collection as a water resource for Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District public lands in San Mateo County, California. Simultaneous meteorological measurements were collected for four variables: wind, temperature, humidity, and solar radiation. The dataset includes ~12,000 records for two summers (2016 and 2017) at two sites. One site was a grassland near the MROSD Skyline Field Office (SFO) and the other in a Douglas forest clearing at...

Categories: Data; Types: Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: CA-14, CA-18, EcosystemVulnerability, Land Change Science, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), All tags... Water, Water Resources, coastal, ecosystem services, environmental flows, habitat condition, hydrology, monitoring, protected area, resilience, water availability, water budget, watershed, Fewer tags

Predicted (1989-2015) and forecasted (2015-2114) estimates for rate of change and recovery of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) following energy development in southwestern Wyoming, USA (ver. 2.0, January 2021)

In 'Predicted (1989-2015) and forecasted (2015-2114) rate of change and recovery of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) following energy development in southwestern Wyoming, USA (ver. 2.0, January 2021)', we provide spatially- and temporally-explicit maps of predictions for the rate of change and time to recovery and percent recovery of sagebrush cover after 100 years (Monroe et al. 2020). The rasters beginning with "sage.rate" depict the predicted annual rate of change in sagebrush cover for each timestamp interval, across the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative area (WLCI) in southwestern Wyoming, USA (1989-2015). The files 'time_to_recov_v2.0.tif' and 'perc_recov_v2.0.tif' are rasters for predicted time to recovery...

Tags: Artemisia, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), United States, Wyoming, biota, All tags... oil and gas well pad, resilience, sagebrush, soils, trends, weather, Fewer tags

Post-Fire Conifer Regeneration Under a Warming Climate: Will Severe Fire Be a Catalyst for Forest Loss?

The Southwest U.S. is experiencing hotter droughts, which are contributing to more frequent, severe wildfires. These droughts also stress vegetation, which can make it more difficult for forests to recover after fire. Forest regeneration in burned areas may be limited because seeds have to travel long distances to recolonize, and when they do arrive, conditions are often unfavorably hot and dry. Conifer forests in the region have demonstrated particular difficulty in recovering after fires, and in some cases have transformed into other ecosystem types, such as deciduous-dominated forests or grasslands. Such ecological transformations have implications not only for the plants and animals that depend on conifer forests...

Categories: Project; Types: Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: 2018, CASC, Completed, Data Visualization & Tools, Data Visualization & Tools, All tags... Drought, Fire and Extreme Weather, Drought, Fire and Extreme Weather, Fire, Fire, Forests, Forests, Landscapes, Landscapes, Other Landscapes, Other Landscapes, Plants, Plants, Projects by Region, Science Tools for Managers, Science Tools for Managers, Southwest, Southwest CASC, Wildlife and Plants, Wildlife and Plants, drought stress, ecosystem management, fire effects, resilience, tree reproduction, Fewer tags

Vulnerability of Groundwater Influenced Ecosystems in the Northeastern United States

Groundwater influenced ecosystems (GIEs) are increasingly vulnerable due to groundwater extraction, land use practices, and climate change. These ecosystems receive groundwater inflow, which can maintain water levels, water temperature, and chemistry necessary to sustain the biodiversity that they support. Many aquatic systems receive groundwater as a portion of their baseflow or water budget, and in some systems (e.g., springs, seeps, fens) this connection with groundwater is central to the system’s integrity and persistence. Groundwater management decisions for human use often do not consider the ecological effects of those actions on GIEs. This disparity can be attributed, in part, to a lack of information regarding...

Tags: Climate exposure, Ecology, Groundwater influenced ecosystems, Land Use Change, New England, All tags... Resilience, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Vulnerability, Water Resources, imageryBaseMapsEarthCover, northeastern United States, northeastern states, Fewer tags