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In 1978, the late Denis Marchand initiated a research project entitled "Soil Correlation and Dating at the U.S. Geological Survey" to determine the usefulness of soils in solving geologic problems. Marchand proposed to establish soil chronosequences that could be dated independently of soil development by using radiometric and other numeric dating methods. In addition, by comparing dated chronosequences in different environments, rates of soil development could be studied and compared among varying climates and mineralogical conditions. The project was fundamental in documenting the value of soils in studies of mapping, correlating, and dating late Cenozoic deposits and in studying soil genesis. All published reports...
The purpose of this report is to present all available published data bearing on the rate of increase of underground temperature with increasing depth in the United States, together with several hundred original observations by myself and my associates. A canvass of the governmental, State, and serial publications has yielded many records of temperature of flowing wells and also a few observations made with thermometers in borings and deep mines. Additional data on temperature of flows have been given by correspondents. Some of the data, especially those relating to flows from wells, may not be reliable, and as a rule these could not be discriminated. Many records are omitted because no facts are available as to...
The Midcontinent Industrial Minerals Workshop, in St. Louis, Missouri, September 16-17, 1991, was the fourth U.S. Geological Survey-sponsored meeting on the essential role of industrial rocks and minerals in the Nation's social and economic framework. The meeting was organized, supported, and the agenda was determined by a group from the USGS, the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and the State geological surveys of Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, with early assistance in planning from the Iowa and Tennessee surveys. As the major industrial rocks and minerals used in the nine-State area of the Midcontinent are construction materials, the Workshop focused on sand and gravel and limestone-dolomite...
The report describes the geology and coal deposits of the southwestern part of the San Juan Basin, N.Mex. The field lies northeast of the town of Gallup, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, and is an irregular tract of about 630 square miles in central and west-central McKinley County; it includes the southeast corner of the Navajo Indian Reservation. Settlement is confined to the white families at a few trading posts and the Indian agency at Crown Point and to scattered Navajo Indians. The land forms, drainage, vegetation, and climate are those typical of the highland in the semiarid Southwest.The investigation disclosed complicated relations of the Mancos shale and the Mesaverde formation, of Upper Cretaceous...
Trenching-a widely used method for evaluating fault activity-has limitations that can mislead investigators. Some segments of fault strands in trench walls may not be visible, and this nonvisibility can lead to incorrect interpretations of time of most recent displacement and recurrence intervals on a fault. We examined the logs of 163 trench exposures and tabulated data on more than 1,200 fault strands to investigate three categories of nonvisibility: (1) strands with obscure (invisible or poorly visible) segments, (2) strands that die out upward, and (3) strands that die out downward. About 14 percent of all the strands have obscure segments. Of the 143 strands on which it is possible to recognize dieout up (limited...
Aeromagnetic reconnaissance of northeastern Alaska in 1965 covered approximately 100,000 square miles, from lat 64° N. to the Arctic Ocean and from the Alaska-Yukon boundary to long 148°30' W. A magnetic contour map was compiled from data from the 1965 survey and earlier surveys. On the basis of these data, northeastern Alaska may be divided into five areas, each having a distinct magnetic character. A study of specific anomalies within these areas led to the tracing of such features as the Tintina fault zone, Ruby uplift, and Kobuk trench for more than 100 miles. Other features, such as inferred north-trending faults and serpentine belts, had not been identified previously by surface geologic methods. The probable...
Ice-clad Mount Rainier, towering over the landscape of western Washington, ranks with Fuji-yama in Japan, Popocatepeti in Mexico, and Vesuvius in Italy among the great volcanoes of the world. At Mount Rainier, as at other inactive volcanoes, the ever-present possibility of renewed eruptions gives viewers a sense of anticipation, excitement, and apprehension not equaled by most other mountains. Even so, many of us cannot imagine the cataclysmic scale of the eruptions that were responsible for building the giant cone which now stands in silence. We accept the volcano as if it had always been there, and we appreciate only the beauty of its stark expanses of rock and ice, its flower-strewn alpine meadows, and its bordering...
The Great Plains! The words alone create a sense of space and a feeling of destiny a challenge. But what exactly is this special part of Western America that contains so much of our history? How did it come to be? Why is it different? Geographically, the Great Plains is an immense sweep of country; it reaches from Mexico far north into Canada and spreads out east of the Rocky Mountains like a huge welcome mat. So often maligned as a drab, featureless area, the Great Plains is in fact a land of marked contrasts and limitless variety: canyons carved into solid rock of an arid land by the waters of the Pecos and the Rio Grande; the seemingly endless grainfields of Kansas; the desolation of the Badlands; the beauty...
The compilation of a lexicon of geologic names was suggested to the compiler more than 25 years ago, by Dr. T. W. Stanton, who served as chairman of the Committee on Geologic Names from 1912 to January 1931, when he became Acting Chief Geologist of the United States Geological Survey, and later served as Chief Geologist until his retirement September 30, 1935. Dr. Stanton suggested that the definitions should state, briefly, the lithology, thickness, age, underlying and overlying formations, and type locality and the formal definitions herein given have been compiled in accordance with that suggestion.
Planetary nomenclature, like terrestrial nomenclature, is used to uniquely identify a feature on the surface of a planet or satellite so that the feature can be easily located, described, and discussed. This volume contains detailed information about all names of topographic and albedo features on planets and satellites (and some planetary ring and ring-gap systems) that the International Astronomical Union has named and approved from its founding in 1919 through its triennial meeting in 1994.This edition of the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature supersedes an earlier informal volume distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1986 as Open-File Report 84-692 (Masursky and others, 1986). Named features are depicted...
No abstract available.
The Canton, Dover, Massillon, and Navarre quadrangles cover about 880 square miles in eastern Ohio. Canton is the largest city in the mapped area. In these four quadrangles, the well drillers generally recognize three "Clinton" sands - in descending order, the "stray Clinton", the "red Clinton", and the "white Clinton". The Clinton sands of Ohio are of early Silurian age and probably correlate with the middle and upper part of the Albion sandstone in the Niagara gorge section in western New York.The study of drillers' logs and examination of well samples show that of the three so-called Clinton sands, the red is most readily recognized. The "Packer shell", a probable equivalent of the Clinton formation of New York,...
The literary scope of this record includes geologic publications printed in North America and publications on North American geology wherever printed. Chronologically it includes publications issued during the years 1887,1888, and 1889. The List of Publications Examined, page 9, indicates the range of the sources of information.
The crystal cavities present in the mineral complex of the New Jersey traprock region have long excited the interest of mineralogists. In 1914 Fenner made the first detailed and comprehensive study of these cavities and suggested that babingtonite was the original mineral. Soon after this anhydrite was found occupying parts of some of the cavities at one of the quarries. At this time, too, Wherry concluded that glauberite was the original mineral of some of the cavities because of his studies of similar crystal cavities in Triassic shale at different places.
In the Greenville quadrangle, west-central Maine, slate, siltstone, and sandstone (calcareous and noncalcareous) of probable Silurian to Early Devonian age are intruded by a large mafic pluton and two granitic stocks of probable Early Devonian age. Ages of the sedimentary rocks are based upon tentative correlations with fossiliferous beds in adjacent quadrangles because the few fossils in the Greenville quadrangle are nondiagnostic; ages of the intrusive rocks are based upon radiometric age determinations. The sedimentary rocks are tightly folded about northeast-trending axes and have strong slaty cleavage. Widespread graded bedding is very useful in determining the tops of beds and thus the location of fold axes....
The Elk River, Minn., nuclear-reactor site is on the east bluff of the Mississippi River about 35 miles northwest of Minneapolis and St. Paul. The area is underlain by about 70 to 180 feet of glacial drift, including at the top as much as 120 feet of outwash deposits (valley train) of the glacial Mississippi River. The underlying Cambrian bedrock consists of marine sedimentary formations including artesian sandstone aquifers. A hypothetically spilled liquid at the reactor site could follow one or both of two courses, thus: (1) It could flow over the land surface and through an artificial drainage system to the river in a matter of minutes; (2) part or nearly all of it could seep downward to the water table and then...
Bureau of Land Management wilderness study areas.
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