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This dataset is part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) initiative. These data represent the flowline network in the Green Bay Restoration Assessment (GBRA). It is attributed with the number of disconnections (e.g., road crossings) between the reach and Lake Ontario. The more road crossings on a flowline the more disconnected that area is from the lake and the less suitable it will be for restoration. These data help identify the condition of hydrologic separation between potential restoration areas and Lake Ontario. Low numbers represent fewer disconnections, such as culverts, between the reach and the water body requiring no flow network modification...
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The Fox River transports elevated loads of nitrogen and phosphorus to Lake Michigan. The increased concentration of N and P causes eutrophication of the lake, creating hypoxic zones and damaging the lake ecosystem.To decrease loading, best management practices (BMPs) have been implemented in the uplands of the basin. Little work has been done, however, to reduce nutrient concentrations in the river. Rivers are capable of removing nutrients through biotic uptake and sediment burial and are able to remove N through denitrification. Identifying and managing these locations of increased nutrient cycling known as “hot spots” may be another mechanism for nutrient mitigation.Our objective was to identify hot spots of N...
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Adult walleye (10 females and 10 males) were caught in Fox River (Wisconsin) during April 2014. Total length, weight, and age were determined for each of the walleye. Whole-fish homogenates were prepared during 2017. Lipid concentration and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener concentrations were determined in each of the homogenates during 2017-2018. For each sample, PCB congener concentrations were summed to yield total PCB concentration. All lipid and PCB congener terminations were made at the University of Michigan School of Public Health in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Twenty-eight sites that consisted of either predominantly agricultural land in the watershed, predominantly agricultural land in the watershed with natural land cover in the riparian zone, or predominantly natural land cover in the watershed were sampled three times during the growing season.
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Microcystins (MC) are a class of cyanotoxins produced by many cyanobacteria taxa. Although toxic to metazoans, the evolution of microcystin pre-dates the appearance of metazoans, and so MC did not originate as a toxin to potential metazoan grazers. One hypothesized functional role of microcystin is the management and acquisition of metals, several of which form complexes with MC intracellularly. Metals are often used to build enzymes within the cell that allow cyanobacteria to use non-preferred nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) sources, such as nitrate, urea and organic P. If trace metals are in low supply, primary producers may become limited because of their inability to access these non-preferred N and P forms....
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This dataset contains the recorded water temperatures of specific sites located in western Lake Erie and the rivermouths of the Fox River and Duck Creek as they flow into Green Bay in Lake Michigan during the summer of 2016. Sites with just a number were from Lake Erie. Sites from Green Bay = GB prefix; Fox Rivermouth = FX prefix; Duck Creek rivermouth = DK prefix.
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Many taxa of North American unionid mussels are imperiled due to biofouling by invasive dreissenid mussels. Here, we report on biofouling rates of unionid mussels suspended in cages during the growing season in nearshore embayments in Lake Erie (2013-2016), Lake Michigan (Green Bay 2016, Grand Traverse Bay 2015) and Lake Huron (Saginaw Bay 2015). Mussels were deployed in early summer (late May or early June) and retrieved in late summer or fall (late August or early September). Wet weights were collected from mussels before and after removal of biofouling taxa (primarily dreissenid mussels).
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The lower Fox River in Wisconsin is a heavily industrialized system and the major tributary to Green Bay within Lake Michigan. The region has been a listed as Area of Concern by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), indicating severe impairment of the ecological health of the system. Remedial action has taken place along the river to remove extensive polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination. However, it was unknown if mercury (Hg), also derived from industrial activity, remained within sediments and actively bioaccumulated within the food web. Mercury stable isotopes were analyzed in sediments and waters collected below the DePere Dam and upstream at Lake Winnebago to compare if Hg sources...
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These are data associated with water column incubation experiments performed in the Fox rivermouth. The Fox River is a Lake Michigan tributary that enters Green Bay. These experiments are used to measure the transformation of inorganic and total dissolved nutrients occurring in the surface water of the rivermouth. Experiments had light and dark treatments, and some experiments were paired with experiments where nutrients were increased in initial spikes. Ancillary data associated with the experiments such as photosyntheticly active radiation (PAR) and chlorophyll a content are also included. In addition to the data, there is R code used to generate the uptake rates and perform the analyses described in the associated...
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This dataset is part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) initiative. These data represent the location of dikes within the Green Bay Restoration Assessment (GBRA) study area. An ArcGIS model (Python script) identified dikes as having a difference in elevation above a certain threshold. If the elevation difference was below a certain threshold, the area was not considered a dike. However, if the difference in elevation between two points was significantly high, then the area was marked as a dike. Areas continuous with each other were considered part of the same dike. Data underwent quality control (QC) procedures by having Subject Matter Experts and those...
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The first basin-wide map of large stands of invasive Phragmites australis (common reed) in the coastal zone was created through a collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey and Michigan Tech Research Institute (Bourgeau-Chavez et al 2013). This data set represents a revised version of that map and was created using multi-temporal PALSAR data and Landsat images from 2016-2017. In addition to Phragmites distribution, the data sets shows several land cover types including urban, agriculture, forest, shrub, emergent wetland, forested wetland, and some based on the dominant plant species (e.g., Schoenoplectus, Typha). The classified map was validated using over 400 field visits.This map covers the Green Bay peninsula...
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Adult walleye were caught in Fox River (Wisconsin) during April 2014. Age-0 walleye were caught in Fox River during October 2014. Total length, weight, age, and proportion of weight represented by water were determined for each of the walleye. Whole-fish homogenates were prepared during 2014-2015 and during 2017. Total mercury (HgT) concentration, methylmercury (MeHg) concentration, and mercury (Hg) isotope ratios were determined in the homogenates during 2014-2015 and during 2017-2018. All mercury determinations were made at the USGS Mercury Research Laboratory in Middleton, Wisconsin.
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Understanding the quantity and form of nutrient loading to large lakes is necessary to understand controls over primary production, phytoplankton community composition and the production of phytotoxins. Nutrient loading estimates to large lakes are primarily made at stream gages that are deliberately placed outside the direct influence of lake processes, but these estimates cannot take into account processes that occur in the biologically active river-to-lake transition zone. These transition zones (rivermouths) sometimes alter nutrient concentrations and ratios substantially, but few studies have directly measured processing rates of nutrients within rivermouths. From April through September 2016, we conducted...
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This dataset contains all the layers associated with U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) initiative for the Green Bay Restoration Assessment (GBRA) which aims to identify and rank coastal areas with the greatest potential for wetland habitat restoration. Each layer has a unique contribution to the identification of restorable wetlands. The 7 parameters (Parameter 0: Mask, Parameter 1: Hydroperiod, Parameter 2: Wetland Soils, Parameter 3: Flowlines, Parameter 4: Conservation and Recreation Lands, Parameter 5: Impervious Surfaces, and Parameter 6: Land Use) and Index Composite directly correlate to areas that are recommended for restoration. The dikes, degree flowlines,...
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Concentrations and loads of total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, and suspended solids were estimated for three sites on the Lower Fox River for October 1988 through September 2021. The sites are the Fox River at Neenah-Menasha (040844105), Fox River at DePere (04085059), and Fox River at the Mouth (040851385). Data analysis was conducted with the Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) method. Daily loads were estimated using the WRTDS method with Kalman filtering. To determine changes in loads over this period, the annual load results were flow-normalized to standardize for the varying flow dynamics that occurred among years. The model archive contains the R code for running the WRTDS model,...


    map background search result map search result map Fox River walleye mercury isotope data Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in adult walleye from the Fox River (Wisconsin) population, 2014 Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Project 49 Fox River Basin 2016 and 2017 Data Water column nutrient processing rates in rivermouths of Green Bay, Lake Michigan: Data Land cover map including wetlands and invasive Phragmites circa 2017 for Green Bay Source Identification of Mercury and Methylmercury using Stable Isotope Analysis in the Fox River, WI Great Lakes Restoration Initiative: Fox River Basin 2018 Data Sediment and water column flux data from the Fox rivermouth (Green Bay, WI; 2017) Water temperature data from the summer of 2016 in Great Lakes bays Biofouling and mussel growth from mussels deployed in Great Lakes embayments (2013-2016) Response of natural phytoplankton communities from Green Bay (Lake Michigan) and Maumee Bay (Lake Erie) to laboratory manipulations of nutrient and trace metal availability during late summer 2018 Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) Green Bay, U.S.: Dikes Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) Green Bay, U.S.: Degree Flowlines Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) Green Bay, U.S.: Composite Model Layers Concentrations and loads of phosphorus and suspended solids in the Fox River, Northeastern Wisconsin, 1989–2021 Sediment and water column flux data from the Fox rivermouth (Green Bay, WI; 2017) Concentrations and loads of phosphorus and suspended solids in the Fox River, Northeastern Wisconsin, 1989–2021 Fox River walleye mercury isotope data Great Lakes Restoration Initiative: Fox River Basin 2018 Data Polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in adult walleye from the Fox River (Wisconsin) population, 2014 Water column nutrient processing rates in rivermouths of Green Bay, Lake Michigan: Data Land cover map including wetlands and invasive Phragmites circa 2017 for Green Bay Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) Green Bay, U.S.: Degree Flowlines Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) Green Bay, U.S.: Dikes Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) Green Bay, U.S.: Composite Model Layers Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Project 49 Fox River Basin 2016 and 2017 Data Source Identification of Mercury and Methylmercury using Stable Isotope Analysis in the Fox River, WI Water temperature data from the summer of 2016 in Great Lakes bays Response of natural phytoplankton communities from Green Bay (Lake Michigan) and Maumee Bay (Lake Erie) to laboratory manipulations of nutrient and trace metal availability during late summer 2018 Biofouling and mussel growth from mussels deployed in Great Lakes embayments (2013-2016)