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Wide-area estimates of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) evapotranspiration on the lower Colorado River measured by heat balance and remote sensing methods In many places along the lower Colorado River, saltcedar (Tamarix spp) has replaced the native shrubs and trees, including arrowweed, mesquite, cottonwood and willows. Some have advocated that by removing saltcedar, we could save water and create environments more favourable to these native species. To test these assumptions we compared sap flux measurements of water used by native species in contrast to saltcedar, and compared soil salinity, ground water depth and soil moisture across a gradient of 200?1500 m from the river's edge on a floodplain terrace at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR). We found that the fraction of land covered (fc) with vegetation in 2005?2007 was similar to that occupied by native... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: EVI, Ecohydrology, MODIS, Pluchea, Populus, All tags... Prosopis, ground water, tamarisk, Fewer tags Effects of long-term water table drawdown on evapotranspiration and vegetation in an arid region phreatophyte community Evapotranspiration rates and the ground water component of evapotranspiration at a site in Colorado's San Luis Valley that is dominated by shrubby phreatophytes (greasewood and rabbitbrush) were compared before and after a water table drawdown. Evapotranspiration (ET) rates at the site were first measured in 1985–1987 (pre-drawdown) when the mean water table depth was 0.92 m. Regional ground water pumping has since lowered the water table by 1.58 m, to a mean of 2.50 m. We measured ET at the same site in 1999–2003 (post-drawdown), and assessed physical and biological factors affecting the response of ET to water table drawdown. Vegetation changed markedly from the pre-drawdown to the post-drawdown period as phreatophytic... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Evapotranspiration, Ground water, Phreatophytes, San 2012 Air and Temperature Data from Shenandoah National Park Raw data were collected in Shenandoah National Park during summer 2012. Air and temperature data were collected using temperature loggers at several stations throughout the park. These data were used in the publication of the manuscript "Accounting for groundwater influence on headwater stream thermal sensitivity to climate change" through the journal Ecological Applications. Water temperature data were collected at all 78 reach locations during the summer of 2012 (23 June–7 September). Temperature was measured every hour with a logger. Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Climatic change, Ecological evaluation, Fish habitats, Ground water, Shenandoah National Park, All tags... Streams, Fewer tags EnviroAtlas - Clean and Plentiful Water Metrics for the Conterminous United States This EnviroAtlas web service supports research and online mapping activities related to EnviroAtlas (https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas). The Clean and Plentiful Water category in this web service includes layers illustrating the ecosystems and natural resources that filter and regulate water, the need or demand for clean and plentiful water, the impacts associated with water quality, and factors that place stress on water quality and supply. EnviroAtlas allows the user to interact with a web-based, easy-to-use, mapping application to view and analyze multiple ecosystem services for the conterminous United States. Additional descriptive information about each attribute in this web service is located within each web... Types: Citation; Tags: 12-digit HUCs, Agriculture, Air, Alabama, Alaska, All tags... Arizona, Arkansas, Austin, TX, Biodiversity, Biology, Biophysical, Biota, Boundaries, California, Census Block Groups, Cleanup, Climate, Colorado, Communities, Compliance, Connecticut, Conservation, Contaminant, Delaware, Demand for Ecosystem Services, Demographics, Detroit, MI, Disaster, Drinking Water, Drivers of Change - Ecosystem Services, Durham, NC, Ecology, Economy, Ecosystem, Ecosystem, Ecosystem Services, Elevation, Emergency, Endangered, Energy, EnviroAtlas, Environment, Environment, Environmental Atlas, Environmental Justice, Estuary, Exposure, Facilities, Florida, Food, Fresno, CA, Georgia, Green Infrastructure, Green Space, Ground Water, Habitat, Hawaii, Hazards, Health, Human, Human Well-being, Idaho, Illinois, Impact, Imperiled, Indiana, Indicator, Indoor Air, Inspections, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Land, Land Cover, Louisiana, Maine, Management, Marine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Milwaukee, WI, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Modeling, Monitoring, Montana, Natural Resources, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Permits, Pesticides, Phoenix, AZ, Portland, ME, Portland, OR, Potential for Change - Ecosystem Services, Protected Lands, Quality, Radiation, Recreation, Regulatory, Remediation, Response, Rhode Island, Riparian, Risk, Sites, Society, Soils, South Carolina, South Dakota, Spills, Structure, Supply of Ecosystem Services, Surface Water, Sustainability, Tampa Bay, FL, Tennessee, Texas, Threatened, Toxics, Transportation, United States, Utah, Utilities, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington DC, Waste, Water, West Virginia, Wetlands, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, Fewer tags EnviroAtlas - Food, Fuel, and Materials Metrics for Conterminous United States This EnviroAtlas web service supports research and online mapping activities related to EnviroAtlas (https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas). The Food, Fuel, and Materials category in this web service includes layers illustrating the ecosystems and natural resources that provide or support the production of food, fuel, or other materials, the need or demand for these items, the impacts associated with their presence and accessibility, and factors that place stress on the natural environment's capability to provide these benefits. EnviroAtlas allows the user to interact with a web-based, easy-to-use, mapping application to view and analyze multiple ecosystem services for the conterminous United States. Additional descriptive... Types: Citation; Tags: 12-digit HUCs, Agriculture, Air, Alabama, Alaska, All tags... Arizona, Arkansas, Austin, TX, Biodiversity, Biology, Biophysical, Biota, Boundaries, California, Census Block Groups, Cleanup, Climate, Colorado, Communities, Compliance, Connecticut, Conservation, Contaminant, Delaware, Demand for Ecosystem Services, Demographics, Detroit, MI, Disaster, Drinking Water, Drivers of Change - Ecosystem Services, Durham, NC, Ecology, Economy, Ecosystem, Ecosystem, Ecosystem Services, Elevation, Emergency, Endangered, Energy, EnviroAtlas, Environment, Environment, Environmental Atlas, Environmental Justice, Estuary, Exposure, Facilities, Florida, Food, Fresno, CA, Georgia, Green Infrastructure, Green Space, Ground Water, Habitat, Hawaii, Hazards, Health, Human, Human Well-being, Idaho, Illinois, Impact, Imperiled, Indiana, Indicator, Indoor Air, Inspections, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Land, Land Cover, Louisiana, Maine, Management, Marine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Milwaukee, WI, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Modeling, Monitoring, Montana, Natural Resources, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Permits, Pesticides, Phoenix, AZ, Portland, ME, Portland, OR, Potential for Change - Ecosystem Services, Protected Lands, Quality, Radiation, Recreation, Regulatory, Remediation, Response, Rhode Island, Riparian, Risk, Sites, Society, Soils, South Carolina, South Dakota, Spills, Structure, Supply of Ecosystem Services, Surface Water, Sustainability, Tampa Bay, FL, Tennessee, Texas, Threatened, Toxics, Transportation, United States, Utah, Utilities, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington DC, Waste, Water, West Virginia, Wetlands, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, Fewer tags Ground water recharge and flow characterization using multiple isotopes. Stable isotopes of delta(18)O, delta(2)H, and (13)C, radiogenic isotopes of (14)C and (3)H, and ground water chemical compositions were used to distinguish ground water, recharge areas, and possible recharge processes in an arid zone, fault-bounded alluvial aquifer. Recharge mainly occurs through exposed stream channel beds as opposed to subsurface inflow along mountain fronts. This recharge distribution pattern may also occur in other fault-bounded aquifers, with important implications for conceptualization of ground water flow systems, development of ground water models, and ground water resource management. Ground water along the mountain front near the basin margins contains low delta(18)O, (14)C (percent modern... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Ground Water, Isotopes: analysis, altitude, environmental monitoring, environmental monitoring: methods, All tags... geography, isotopes, isotopes: chemistry, models, seasons, theoretical, water movements, water supply, water supply: analysis, Fewer tags Ground-Water Salinity Problems Related to Irrigation in the Colorado River Basin The ground-water system in many of the irrigated areas of the Colorado River Basin is derived almost entirely from deep percolation of irrigation water and seepage from irrigation conveyance and tail-water collection systems. Salt pickup rates from irrigated soils in the basin vary in the different areas. Among the high salt pickup areas is the Grand Valley in western Colorado, estimated at 8 tons/acre/year. Water entering the ground-water supply from irrigation practices in the valley amounts to about 145,000 acre-feet/year and contributes about 690,000 tons/year to the salt load of the Colorado River. Samples of base-flow water from the weathered Mancos Shale aquifer in the valley vary in salinity from about 1,500... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Ground Water Conflicts in attaining national goals for both water quality and energy production ABSTRACT: The “policy environment” is defined herein as the institutional setting in which planning is conducted and policy decisions are made with regard to meeting two of the Nation's high priority goals: water quality protection and energy independence. The simultaneous pursuit of these goals has resulted in numerous conflicts among the energy industry, environmentalists, and government. An analysis of selected energy development-water quality conflicts shows that these conflicts can be described in terms of one or more of the following policy environment characteristics: resource scarcity, sense of urgency, lack of experience, administrative complexity, uncertainty about future policies and regulations, technological... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: ecological effects, energy development, ground water, toxic substances, water pollution control, All tags... water quality standards, western water supply, Fewer tags Ground water use in an energy development area: The Tongue River Basin, southeastern Montana ABSTRACT: Ground water, of relatively good quality, occurs though-out southeastern Montana's Tongue River basin and can be procured cheaply and easily. The widespread occurrence of springs and the de velopment of shallow aquifers enables settlement to occur away from perennial streams and allows for extensive grazing of the range. Ground water m the Tongue River basin occurs in five aquifers ranging from shallow alluvium to the extremely deep Madison Group. Coal beds of the Fort Union Formation contain significant quantities of good quality ground water. Extensive strip mining of these coal beds lowers the water level of nearby wells and causes springs to dry up. There are over 1,700 permits for ground water appropriation... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Tongue River, coal development, ground water, southeastern Montana Hydrological effects of hypothetical climate change in the East River basin, Colorado, USA In 1988, the US Geological Survey began a study of the effects of potential climate change on the water resources of the Gunnison River basin. The Gunnison River, in southwestern Colorado, is an important tributary of the Colorado River, contributing approximately 40% of the flow of the Colorado River at the Colorado/Utah stateline. As part of the study, the sensitivity of annual and seasonal runoff in the East River basin, a sub-basin of the Gunnison River basin, to changes in temperature and precipitation was examined. To perform the sensitivity analyses, hypothetical climate changes were used to alter current time series of temperature and precipitation. The altered time series were then used as inputs to a hydrological... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Environmental Impact Assessment, Ground Water, Hydrological Sciences Journal, Hydrology, Resource Management - Environmental Studies, All tags... Storm Water, Surface Hydrology, Surface Water, Taylor & Francis, Water Industries, Water Management and Sustainability, Water Quality & Pollution, Water Science, Water Supply & Treatment, Fewer tags Detecting infiltration and impacts of introduced water using strontium isotopes. Water introduced to surface drainages, such as agricultural and roadway runoff, mine drainage, or coalbed natural gas (CBNG)-produced water, potentially can be of environmental concern. In order to mitigate potential environmental effects, it may be important to be able to trace water discharged to the surface as it infiltrates and interacts with near-surface aquifers. We have chosen to study water withdrawn during CBNG production for isotope tracing in the hyporheic zone because it poses a variety of economic, environmental, and policy issues in the Rocky Mountain states. Ground water quality must be protected as CBNG water is added to semiarid ecosystems. Strontium (Sr) isotopes are effective fingerprints of the... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Chemical, Chemical: analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Fossil Fuels, Fresh Water, All tags... Fresh Water: analysis, Ground Water, Industrial Waste, Salts, Salts: chemistry, Strontium Isotopes, Strontium Isotopes: analysis, Water Movements, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Water Supply: analysis, Wyoming, Fewer tags A method for determining salt sources in surface waters' This paper presents a method for determining the causes of salinization of surface waters, in this case the upper Colorado River and its tributaries in Texas. The analysis, which includes a combination of statistical analysis and graphical methods, indicates that among the sources of salt (e.g., saline ground water discharge into surface waters and storm runoff, both surface and shallow subsurface, and washing minerals into surface waters) the major contributor is saline ground water, which discharges into the river and streams. Data also points to salt plume intrusion into the river and streams from sources of salt in the aquifers. Published in Journal of the American Water Resources Association, volume 36, issue... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, TDS, ground water, salinization, secondary soil salinization, All tags... surface water, Fewer tags Comparison of local- to regional-scale estimates of ground-water recharge in Minnesota, USA Summary Regional ground-water recharge estimates for Minnesota were compared to estimates made on the basis of four local- and basin-scale methods. Three local-scale methods (unsaturated-zone water balance, water-table fluctuations (WTF) using three approaches, and age dating of ground water) yielded point estimates of recharge that represent spatial scales from about 1 to about 1000 m2. A fourth method (RORA, a basin-scale analysis of streamflow records using a recession-curve-displacement technique) yielded recharge estimates at a scale of 10–1000s of km2. The RORA basin-scale recharge estimates were regionalized to estimate recharge for the entire State of Minnesota on the basis of a regional regression recharge... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Ground water, Model, Recharge, Soil moisture, Unsatura A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States — II) Untreated drinking water sources Numerous studies have shown that a variety of manufactured and natural organic compounds such as pharmaceuticals, steroids, surfactants, flame retardants, fragrances, plasticizers and other chemicals often associated with wastewaters have been detected in the vicinity of municipal wastewater discharges and livestock agricultural facilities. To provide new data and insights about the environmental presence of some of these chemicals in untreated sources of drinking water in the United States targeted sites were sampled and analyzed for 100 analytes with sub-parts per billion detection capabilities. The sites included 25 ground- and 49 surface-water sources of drinking water serving populations ranging from one family... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Drinking water, Emerging contaminants, Ground water Ground-water surface-water interactions and long-term change in riverine riparian vegetation in the southwestern United States Riverine riparian vegetation has changed throughout the southwestern United States, prompting concern about losses of habitat and biodiversity. Woody riparian vegetation grows in a variety of geomorphic settings ranging from bedrock-lined channels to perennial streams crossing deep alluvium and is dependent on interaction between ground-water and surface-water resources. Historically, few reaches in Arizona, southern Utah, or eastern California below 1530 m elevation had closed gallery forests of cottonwood and willow; instead, many alluvial reaches that now support riparian gallery forests once had marshy grasslands and most bedrock canyons were essentially barren. Repeat photography using more than 3000 historical... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Channel change, Floods, Ground water, Surface water, geomorphology, All tags... riparian vegetation, Fewer tags Factors influencing ground-water recharge in the eastern United States Summary Ground-water recharge estimates for selected locations in the eastern half of the United States were obtained by Darcian and chloride-tracer methods and compared using statistical analyses. Recharge estimates derived from unsaturated-zone (RUZC) and saturated-zone (RSZC) chloride mass balance methods are less variable (interquartile ranges or IQRs are 9.5 and 16.1 cm/yr, respectively) and more strongly correlated with climatic, hydrologic, land use, and sediment variables than Darcian estimates (IQR = 22.8 cm/yr). The unit-gradient Darcian estimates are a nonlinear function of moisture content and also reflect the uncertainty of pedotransfer functions used to estimate hydraulic parameters. Significance level... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Chloride tracer, Darcian, Ground water, Nonlinear reg Water quality in shallow alluvial aquifers, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, 1997 Shallow ground water in areas of increasing urban development within the Upper Colorado River Basin was sampled for inorganic and organic constituents to characterize water-quality conditions and to identify potential anthropogenic effects resulting from development. In 1997, 25 shallow monitoring wells were installed and sampled in five areas of urban development in Eagle, Grand, Gunnison, and Summit Counties, Colorado. The results of this study indicate that the shallow ground water in the study area is suitable for most uses. Nonparametric statistical methods showed that constituents and parameters measured in the shallow wells were often significantly different between the five developing urban areas. Radon... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Colorado, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, Upper Colorado River Basin, ground water, land use, All tags... water quality, Fewer tags Tectonic influences on ground water quality: insight from complementary methods. A study using multiple techniques provided insight into tectonic influences on ground water systems; the results can help to understand ground water systems in the tectonically active western United States and other parts of the world. Ground water in the San Bernardino Valley (Arizona, United States and Sonora, Mexico) is the main source of water for domestic use, cattle ranching (the primary industry), and the preservation of threatened and endangered species. To improve the understanding of ground water occurrence, movement, and sustainability, an investigation was conducted using a number of complementary methods, including major ion geochemistry, isotope hydrology, analysis of gases dissolved in ground water,... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Arizona, Ground Water, Mexico, United States, animals, All tags... cattle, disasters, domestic, environmental Monitoring: methods, environmental monitoring, geological phenomena, geology, housing, humans, radioisotopes, radioisotopes: analysis, radioisotopes: chemistry, risk assessment, water movements, water pollution, water pollution: adverse effects, water pollution: analysis, water supply, water supply: analysis, Fewer tags Incorporating Groundwater-Surface Water Interaction into River Management Models. Accurate representation of groundwater-surface water interactions is critical to modeling low river flows in the semi-arid southwestern United States. Although a number of groundwater-surface water models exist, they are seldom integrated with river operation/management models. A link between the object-oriented river and reservoir operations model, RiverWare, and the groundwater model, MODFLOW, was developed to incorporate groundwater-surface water interaction processes, such as river seepage/gains, riparian evapotranspiration, and irrigation return flows, into a rule-based water allocations model. An explicit approach is used in which the two models run in tandem, exchanging data once in each computational time... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Ground Water Ground Water Occurrence and Contributions to Streamflow in an Alpine Catchment, Colorado Front Range Ground water occurrence, movement, and its contribution to streamflow were investigated in Loch Vale, an alpine catchment in the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Hydrogeomorphologic mapping, seismic refraction measurements, and porosity and permeability estimates indicate that talus slopes are the primary ground water reservoir, with a maximum storage capacity that is equal to, or greater than, total annual discharge from the basin (5.4 � 0.8 � 106 m3). Although snowmelt and glacial melt provide the majority of annual water flux to the basin, tracer tests and gauging along a stream transect indicate that ground water flowing from talus can account for ?75% of streamflow during storms and the winter base... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Ground Water 1 2 »