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Two distributed parameter models, a one-dimensional (1D) model and a two-dimensional (2D) model, are developed to simulate overland flow in two small semiarid shrubland watersheds in the Jornada basin, southern New Mexico. The models are event-based and represent each watershed by an array of 1-m2 cells, in which the cell size is approximately equal to the average area of the shrubs. Each model uses only six parameters, for which values are obtained from field surveys and rainfall simulation experiments. In the 1D model, flow volumes through a fixed network are computed by a simple finite-difference solution to the 1D kinematic wave equation. In the 2D model, flow directions and volumes are computed by a second-order...
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This product releases data on soil physical and hydraulic properties in the area affected by the 2011 Las Conchas Fire in New Mexico, USA. Soil samples were collected in the summer of 2015 to assess the state of the watershed following the 2011 wildfire. Data include soil-hydraulic properties of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity from tension infiltrometer measurements on soil cores. Soil physical properties include bulk density, as-sampled volumetric soil-water content, and saturated volumetric soil-water content for 6-cm length soil cores. Soil properties of soil-particle size, bulk density, and soil organic matter content from loss on ignition for soil core splits of 0-1. 1-3, and 3-6 cm depth....
Summary Rainfall–runoff simulations were conducted to estimate the characteristics of the steady-state infiltration rate into 1-m2 north- and south-facing hillslope plots burned by a wildfire in October 2003. Soil profiles in the plots consisted of a two-layer system composed of an ash on top of sandy mineral soil. Multiple rainfall rates (18.4–51.2 mm h−1) were used during 14 short-duration (30 min) and 2 long-duration simulations (2–4 h). Steady state was reached in 7–26 min. Observed spatially-averaged steady-state infiltration rates ranged from 18.2 to 23.8 mm h−1 for north-facing and from 17.9 to 36.0 mm h−1 for south-facing plots. Three different theoretical spatial distribution models of steady-state infiltration...
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are the dominant living cover in many drylands of the world. They possess many features that can influence different aspects of local hydrologic cycles, including soil porosity, absorptivity, roughness, aggregate stability, texture, pore formation, and water retention. The influence of biological soil crusts on these factors depends on their internal and external structure, which varies with climate, soil, and disturbance history. This paper presents the different types of biological soil crusts, discusses how crust type likely influences various aspects of the hydrologic cycle, and reviews what is known and not known about the influence of biological crusts on sediment production and...
Microbial activity in semiarid and arid environments is closely related to the timing, intensity, and amount of precipitation. The characteristics of the soil surface, especially the influence of biological soil crusts, can determine the amount, location, and timing of water infiltration into desert soils, which, in turn, determines the type and size of microbial response. Nutrients resulting from this pulse then create a positive feedback as increases in microbial and plant biomass enhance future resource capture or, alternatively, may be lost to the atmosphere, deeper soils, or downslope patches. When rainfall intensity overwhelms the water infiltration capacity of the plant interspace or the plant patch, overland...
We investigated soil compaction and hydrologic responses from mechanically shredding Utah juniper (Juniperus ostesperma [Torr.] Little) to control fuels in a sagebrush/bunchgrass plant community (Artemisia nova A. Nelson, Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young/Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A. L�ve, Poa secunda J. Presl) on a gravelly loam soil with a 15% slope in the Onaqui Mountains of Utah. Rain simulations were applied on 0.5-m2 runoff plots at 64 mm � h?1 (dry run: soil initially dry) and 102 mm � h?1 (wet run: soil initially wet). Runoff and sediment were collected from runoff plots placed in five blocks, each containing four microsites (juniper mound, shrub mound, vegetation-free or...
Rainfall simulation experiments were performed on 25 plots of varying microphytic crust cover in a wooded semiarid rangeland in eastern Australia. Under a rainfall intensity of 45 mm h-1, steady-state infiltration ranged from 5 mm h-1 to 41 mm h-1, but there was no effect of cover on this or any of the other soil hydrological variables measured. When disturbed plots with low cover (<15% cover) were excluded from the analyses, significant increases in time to ponding were associated with increases in crust cover. Despite some significant relationships, however, crust cover was an insignificant predictor of soil hydrological status at this site. We attribute this to the well-structured nature of the soils at the site,...
Ring-shaped growth patterns commonly occur in resource-limited arid and semi-arid environments. The spatial distribution, geometry, and scale of vegetation growth patterns result from interactions between biotic and abiotic processes, and, in turn, affect the spatial patterns of soil moisture, sediment transport, and nutrient dynamics in aridland ecosystems. Even though grass ring patterns are observed worldwide, a comprehensive understanding of the biotic and abiotic processes that lead to the formation, growth and breakup of these rings is still lacking. Our studies on patterns of infiltration and soil properties of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) grass rings in the northern Chihuahuan desert indicate that ring...
    map background search result map search result map One- and two-dimensional modelling of overland flow in semiarid shrubland, Jornada basin, New Mexico Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties in the Area Affected by the 2011 Las Conchas Fire in New Mexico Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties in the Area Affected by the 2011 Las Conchas Fire in New Mexico One- and two-dimensional modelling of overland flow in semiarid shrubland, Jornada basin, New Mexico