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In contrast to Europe and North America, air pollution in Asia is increasing rapidly, resulting in both local air quality problems and higher acidic depositions. In 1989, an east-west group of scientists initiated a multi-institutional research project on Acid Rain and Emissions Reduction in Asia, funded for the past two years by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Phase I, covering 23 countries of Asia, focussed on the development of PC-based software called the Regional Air Pollution INformation and Simulation Model (RAINS-ASIA). A 90-region Regional Energy Scenario Generator was developed to create alternative energy/emission scenarios through the year 2020. A long-range atmospheric transport model...
Biomass-based energy and fuels are receiving attention because they are considered carbon neutral; i.e. the amount Of CO2 released during combustion of this biomass is nearly the same as that taken up by the plants during their growth. Bio-oil is a dark viscous liquid consisting of hydrocarbons. These are produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass. "As-is" biomass material has a low energy density (MJ m(-3)), hence, the cost of transporting this energy is high. Bio-oil has a high energy density as compared to "as-is" biomass material, consequently it helps in reducing the cost of energy transport. This study compares the life cycle assessment of transportation of bio-oil by pipeline with that by truck. The scope of the...
Assessment of urban energy use may proceed by a number of methods. Here we derive an energy account from local statistics, and compare them with an input output (IO) analysis as applied to Melbourne, Australia. These approaches highlight different aspects of urban energy use and comparable outputs are presented together to assess consistency, to identify complementarities and discuss the insight each approach brings to understanding urban energy. The IO method captures the direct and embodied primary energy requirements of local household expenditure (235.8 GJ/capita/year) while the regional assessment more directly accounts for local production activity (258.1 GJ/capita/year). The parity of these results is unexpected...
To gain insight into changes in CO2 emissions embodied in China–US trade, an input–output analysis based on the emergy/dollar ratio (EDR) is used to estimate embodied CO2 emissions; a structural decomposition analysis (SDA) is employed to analyze the driving factors for changes in CO2 emissions embodied in China's exports to the US during 2002–2007. The results of the input–output analysis show that net export of CO2 emissions increased quickly from 2002 to 2005 but decreased from 2005 to 2007. These trends are due to a reduction in total CO2 emission intensity, a decrease in the exchange rate, and small imports of embodied CO2 emissions. The results of the SDA demonstrate that total export volume was the largest...
This analysis explores the influence of Colorado River flows into the Upper Gulf of California on fisheries productivity. Working with available time series data for the region, a series of plausible relationships are modeled between river flows and fisheries catch, focusing on the top commercial species, shrimp and gulf corvina. A tradeoff analysis between fisheries and agriculture was used to assess the net impacts on economic output of various water tradeoff scenarios and an input-output model was developed to estimate the regional economic impacts of shifting water between instream river flows for fisheries productivity and agriculture. Different crop fallowing and crop-shifting scenarios were compared on their...
Production of electricity by burning coal, oil, and natural gas produces CO2, SO2, NOx, etc. which act as greenhouse gases and pollutants. This paper examines fuel use, energy production, and the quantities of these gases produced in the Malaysian economy during the years 1991 and 2000. Input-output (Leontief) analysis is used in this study to enable calculation of energy demand and pollution effects throughout the economy. This study also estimates changes in emissions related to changes in fuel mix projected in Vision 2020. It is found that the fuel mix envisioned by the Fuel Diversification Strategy, designed to reduce Malaysia’s dependence on fuel oil and increase its energy security would increase undesired...
We compare energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with total household expenditures and activities in Canada and US in 1997, the first detailed estimate of environmental burdens for Canadian households. We estimate direct burdens from published government data and indirect burdens using an industry-by-commodity, bi-national economic input–output life cycle assessment model developed in this study. Comparing 30 expenditure and two activity categories, per capita US household expenditures were 70% higher, while per capita household energy use and GHG emissions were only 10% and 44% higher, respectively. Energy use/dollar of expenditure was higher in most Canadian categories, while the average ratio...
To gain insight into changes in CO2 emissions embodied in China–US trade, an input–output analysis based on the emergy/dollar ratio (EDR) is used to estimate embodied CO2 emissions; a structural decomposition analysis (SDA) is employed to analyze the driving factors for changes in CO2 emissions embodied in China's exports to the US during 2002–2007. The results of the input–output analysis show that net export of CO2 emissions increased quickly from 2002 to 2005 but decreased from 2005 to 2007. These trends are due to a reduction in total CO2 emission intensity, a decrease in the exchange rate, and small imports of embodied CO2 emissions. The results of the SDA demonstrate that total export volume was the largest...
In contrast to Europe and North America, air pollution in Asia is increasing rapidly, resulting in both local air quality problems and higher acidic depositions. In 1989, an east-west group of scientists initiated a multi-institutional research project on Acid Rain and Emissions Reduction in Asia, funded for the past two years by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Phase I, covering 23 countries of Asia, focussed on the development of PC-based software called the Regional Air Pollution INformation and Simulation Model (RAINS-ASIA). A 90-region Regional Energy Scenario Generator was developed to create alternative energy/emission scenarios through the year 2020. A long-range atmospheric transport model...