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All plant species were identified down to finest taxa when possible. Each plant code used in the survey data is paired to a plant code on this species list which provides the full scientific name of each species, the plant family the species belongs to, the native or non-native status of species, and the life history of the plant. Plant nomenclature follows: Baldwin B.G., D.H. Goldman, D.J. Keil, R. Patterson, T.J. Rosatti, and D.H. Wilken, editors. 2012. The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. Second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
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Invasions of the annual species cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in North American ecosystems present a threat to the population viability of native plant and animal species. In the interest of curtailing B. tectorum success, we manipulated the biogeochemistry of Canyonlands National Park soils in greenhouse and germination experiments. We compared growth parameters of B. tectorum and a native perennial, Hilaria jamesii, in greenhouse experiments utilizing 10 soil additives. Biomass of B. tectorum growing in conjuction with H. jamesii was greater than that growing in monocultures, suggesting facilitation of Bromus growth by H. jamesii. The opposite trend was true for H. jamesii, indicating that Bromus inhibits H. jamesii...
Summary 1. Historically, biogeographic barriers to the movement of aquatic organisms existed at multiple spatial scales and contributed to the development of unique regional faunas. At increasing spatial scales, these barriers consisted of waterfalls and cascades; catchment divides; major mountain ranges and oceans. This hierarchy of movement barriers produced increasingly distinct aquatic biotas at larger drainage units. 2. Humans have provided a variety of pathways by which aquatic species can circumvent historical biogeographic barriers. These include both authorised and unauthorised stocking, construction of canals and water conveyance systems, transport in ship ballast water, fishing and angling gear (including...
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As part of a study to investigate the causes of channel narrowing and incision in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, the effects of Tamarisk and Russian-olive on streambank stability were investigated. In this study, root tensile strengths and distributions in streambanks were measured and used in combination with a root-reinforcement model, RipRoot, to estimate the additional cohesion provided to layers of each streambank. The additional cohesion provided by the roots in each 0.1-m layer ranged from 0 to 6.9 kPa for Tamarisk and from 0 to 14.2 kPa for Russian-olive. Average root-reinforcement values over the entire bank profile were 2.5 and 3.2 kPa for Tamarisk and Russian-olive, respectively. The implications...
Non-native shrub species in the genus Tamarix (saltcedar, tamarisk) have colonized hundreds of thousands of hectares of floodplains, reservoir margins, and other wetlands in western North America. Many resource managers seek to reduce saltcedar abundance and control its spread to increase the flow of water in streams that might otherwise be lost to evapotranspiration, to restore native riparian (streamside) vegetation, and to improve wildlife habitat. However, increased water yield might not always occur and has been substantially lower than expected in water salvage experiments, the potential for successful revegetation is variable, and not all wildlife taxa clearly prefer native plant habitats over saltcedar....
Initially introduced to western United States to provide ecosystem services such as erosion control, Tamarix by the mid-1900s had became vilified as a profligate waster of water. This large shrub continues, today, to be indicted for various presumed environmental and economic costs, and millions of dollars are expended on its eradication. In this review, we examine the role of scientists in driving changes in perceptions of Tamarix from valuable import to vilified invader and (in some instances) back to a productive member of riparian plant communities. Scientists over the years have sustained a negative perception of Tamarix by, among other things, (1) citing outmoded sources; (2) inferring causation from correlative...
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This layer depicts the status, or degree of disturbance, to plant communities on the main Hawaiian Islands. To more precisely identify areas where native species may presently be found, a map was generated that considers the following three categories of habitat quality: High, areas dominated by native vegetation; Medium, areas dominated by nonnative vegetation; and Low, highly modified landscapes. The primary source for mapping these three categories is the HIGAP land-cover classification (Gon, 2006). The High category includes all HIGAP land-cover classes that are considered to be either native dominated or mixed native and nonnative in order to represent those areas that have substantial native-species composition....
Abstract The distribution and future fate of ectothermic organisms in a warming world will be dictated by thermalscapes across landscapes. That is particularly true for stream fishes and cold-water species like trout, salmon, and char that are already constrained to high elevations and latitudes. The extreme climates in those environments also preclude invasions by most non-native species, so identifying especially cold habitats capable of absorbing future climate change while still supporting native populations would highlight important refugia. By coupling crowd-sourced biological datasets with high-resolution stream temperature scenarios, we delineate network refugia across >250 000 stream km in the Northern...
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Invasive species may vary in their seasonal distribution and abundance due to environmental conditions such as precipitation and temperature. Bigheaded carps, which include silver and bighead carp, are one such taxon of invasive species that appear to change habitats seasonally. Seasonal changes in bigheaded carp distribution may occur because of hydrological changes, water temperature changes, and spawning activities. Monitoring this seasonal dispersal and migration is important for management to control the population size and spread of the species. We examined if environmental DNA (eDNA) approaches could detect seasonal changes in the occurrence of DNA in water samples and used these approaches to calculate the...
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Observations and subtle shifts of vegetation communities in western Lake Erie have USGS researchers concerned about the potential for Grass Carp to alter these vegetation communities. Broad-scale surveys of vegetation using remote sensing and GIS mapping, coupled with on-the-ground samples in key locations will permit assessment of the effect Grass Carp may have already had on aquatic vegetation communities and establish baseline conditions for assessing future effects. Existing aerial imagery was used with object-based image analysis to detect and map aquatic vegetation in the western basin of Lake Erie.
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Invasive plants are typically managed using top-down control techniques that focus on the removal of the target organism. Bottom-up control limits the resources available to the undesired species by manipulating disturbance, competition, and successional processes, and thus may prevent reinvasion. Tamarisk species (Tamarix sp.) have invaded riparian areas throughout western North America, resulting in expansive control efforts. A companion study has shown that a native competitor, Box elder (Acer negundo), is capable of outcompeting and killing established Tamarisk through light interception in canyons of Dinosaur National Monument (DNM), Colorado. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of using...
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Physical site characteristics including aspect, elevation, and slope were recorded for each study plot and spatial coordinates were obtained from a global positioning system. Stand height was determined by averaging the heights of the first live woody individual encountered along each 10 m subplot in mechanically masticated plots as well as in the adjacent controls. Unfortunately height data was not collected from postfire plots in the prior study. The age of the stand prior to each mechanical disturbance was obtained from stem samples collected from the first two obligate seeding individuals encountered within controls and ranged from seven to sixty-four years across all mechanically masticated fuel treatments....
We illustrate the utility of expert elicitation, explicit recognition of uncertainty, and the value of information for directing management and research efforts for invasive species, using tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) in southern Florida as a case study. We posited a post-birth pulse, matrix model, which was parameterized using a 3-point process to elicit estimates of tegu demographic rates from herpetology experts. We fit statistical distributions for each parameter and for each expert, then drew and pooled a large number of replicate samples from these to form a distribution for each demographic parameter. Using these distributions, we generated a large sample of matrix models to infer how the tegu population...
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Loricariid catfish of the genus Pterygoplichthys have been introduced in many localities around the world. They are freshwater fishes, but may also use low-salinity habitats such as estuaries for feeding or dispersal. Here we report results of a field survey and salinity-tolerance trials for a population of Pterygoplichthys sp. collected in Kerala, India. In both chronic and acute salinity-tolerance trials, fish were able to withstand salinities up to 12 ppt with no mortality; however, fish transferred to salinities > 12 ppt did not survive. The experimental results provide evidence that non-native Pterygoplichthys sp. are able to tolerate mesohaline conditions for extended periods, and can easily invade the brackish...
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The data collection for the concrete-walled channel downstream from the Brandon Road Lock and Dam near Joliet, Illinois occurred in May 2014 Five pounds per square inch (lb/in2) was used as a threshold water pressure value for this study as this value incorporates fish behavior and structural integrity considerations. The Brandon Road study evaluated the performance of two different water gun configurations within the concrete-walled channel downstream from the lock with depths ranging from 12-15 feet. Data from a single 80 cubic inch (in³) water gun produced a roughly cylindrical 5 lb/in2 pressure field 20 feet in radius, oriented vertically, with the radius decreasing to less than 15 feet at the surface. A combination...
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This data set consists of data collected during 2012 in Badlands National Park in South Dakota that were used in the analysis in support of the PLOS One article titled "Exotic plant infestation is associated with decreased modularity and increased numbers of connectors in mixed-grass prairie pollination networks". The data consist of three spreadsheets. An insect richness, interactions, and flower count data set is a summary of counts of individual flowers (by species) and insects captured on flowers (that were found to carry pollen) over the course of a study on the effects of infestation by Cirsium arvense on pollinator interactions with native plants. Three dominant exotic plants, C. arvense, Convolvulus arvensis,...
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This dataset contains data supporting the paper: DeCrappeo, N.M., DeLorenze, E.J., Giguere, A.T., Pyke, D.A., and Bottomley, P.J. Fungal and bacterial contributions to nitrogen cycling in cheatgrass-invaded and uninvaded native sagebrush soils of the western USA (accepted at the journal Plant and Soil). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relative contributions of soil bacteria and fungi to inorganic nitrogen (N) cycling in sagebrush and cheatgrass-invaded soils using a 15N isotope dilution experiment. Soils were collected from sagebrush and cheatgrass rhizospheres at six paired sites in southwest Idaho and southeast Oregon. In order to partition the contribution of each microbial group to N cycling, soils...
Physiological activity and structural dynamics in arid and semi-arid ecosystems are driven by discrete inputs or "pulses" of growing season precipitation. Here we describe the short-term dynamics of ecosystem physiology in experimental stands of native (Heteropogon contortus) and invasive (Eragrostis lehmanniana) grasses to an irrigation pulse across two geomorphic surfaces with distinctly different soils: a Pleistocene-aged surface with high clay content in a strongly horizonated soil, and a Holocene-aged surface with low clay content in homogenously structured soils. We evaluated whole-ecosystem and leaf-level CO2 and H2O exchange, soil CO2 efflux, along with plant and soil water status to understand potential...
Abstract (from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11252-014-0406-8): Urbanization is thought to lead to the loss of biodiversity both because of habitat disturbance and the increased abundance of invasive species. However, most studies of biodiversity in cities are conducted on a short time scale, usually less than 3 years, and so miss the long-term dynamics of communities inhabiting these ecosystems. Here we use a study performed in the early 70’s on North Carolina State University (Raleigh, USA) as a baseline to evaluate the long term effects of disturbance and introduced species on native ant communities. Ant species were sampled almost 40 years later using a variety of sampling techniques in order to...
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This is a spatially-explicit state-and-transition simulation model of rangeland vegetation dynamics in southwest South Dakota. It was co-designed with resource management partners to support scenario planning for climate change adaptation. The study site encompasses part of multiple jurisdictions, including Badlands National Park, Buffalo Gap National Grasslands, and Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The model represents key vegetation types, grazing, exotic plants, fire, and the effects of climate and management on rangeland productivity and composition (i.e., distribution of ecological community phases). See Miller et al. (2017) for further details. The model was built using the ST-Sim software platform (www.apexrms.com/stsm)....
map background search result map search result map Biogeochemical control of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) germination, emergence, and growth Destabilization of streambanks by removal of invasive species in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona Habitat Overlap and Facilitation in Tamarisk and Box Elder Stands: Implications for Tamarisk Control Using Native Plants Hawaii Habitat Quality (HI_HabQual) Exotic plant infestation is associated with decreased modularity and increased numbers of connectors in mixed-grass prairie pollination networks data set Site Data Species List Seasonal trends in eDNA detection and occupancy of bigheaded carps, Wabash River, IN: Raw Data Brandon Road Lock and Dam Hydrophone Data Nitrogen cycling rates from sagebrush and cheatgrass-invaded soils in the Northern Great Basin (2008) State-and-transition simulation model of rangeland vegetation in southwest South Dakota (1969-2050) Lake Erie, Western Basin Aquatic Vegetation data Brandon Road Lock and Dam Hydrophone Data Destabilization of streambanks by removal of invasive species in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona Habitat Overlap and Facilitation in Tamarisk and Box Elder Stands: Implications for Tamarisk Control Using Native Plants Biogeochemical control of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) germination, emergence, and growth Lake Erie, Western Basin Aquatic Vegetation data State-and-transition simulation model of rangeland vegetation in southwest South Dakota (1969-2050) Nitrogen cycling rates from sagebrush and cheatgrass-invaded soils in the Northern Great Basin (2008) Site Data Species List Seasonal trends in eDNA detection and occupancy of bigheaded carps, Wabash River, IN: Raw Data Hawaii Habitat Quality (HI_HabQual)