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The 'amenity' clause: An insight into half a century of environmental protection in the United Kingdom The paper traces the manner in which an obligation came to be imposed on select industries, requiring them to take account of amenity, wildlife and outdoor-recreational interests in the course of preparing and carrying out developmental schemes. Under pressure from the relevant voluntary bodies, the statutory obligations, first imposed on hydro-electric power development, were generalized to cover 'whole' industries, and then, under the Countryside Acts of 1967-68, were extended to all State utilities. The recent privatization of those industries has provided a further pretext for extending and strengthening the 'amenity' clause. The approach has provided important insights into how industry itself might become... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Alternative, CO2 emissions, Technology, analysis, approaches, All tags... economic, hydrogen, hydrogen economy, modeling, petroleum, reducing, scenario, Fewer tags Eastern Canadian crude oil supply and its implications for regional energy security This paper proposes a regional and sectoral model of global final energy demand. For the main end-use sectors of consumption (industrial, commercial and public services, residential and road transportation), per-capita demand is expressed as an S-shaped function of per-capita income. Other variables intervene as well, like energy prices, temperatures and technological trends. This model is applied on a panel of 101 countries and 3 aggregates (covering the whole world) and it explains fairly well past variations in sectoral, final consumption since the beginning of the 2000s. Further, the model is used to analyze the dynamics of final energy demand, by sector and in total. The main conclusion concerns the pattern... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Dynamics, Modeling, capacity, depletion, emissions, All tags... oil, transition, Fewer tags Hydrologic and economic impacts of drought under alternative policy responses A severe sustained drought in the Colorado River Basin would cause economic damages throughout the Basin. An integrated hydrologic-economic-institutional model introduced here shows that consumptive water users in headwaters states are particularly vulnerable to very large shortfalls and hence large damages because their rights are effectively junior to downstream users. Chronic shortfalls to consumptive users relying on diversions in excess of rights under the Colorado River Compact are also possible. Nonconsumptive water uses (for hydropower and recreation) are severely affected during the worst drought years as instream flows are reduced and reservoirs are depleted. Damages to these uses exceeds those to consumptive... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, drought, economic impacts, institutions, modeling, All tags... reservoir management, water policy, Fewer tags Reconstructing snow water equivalent in the Rio Grande headwaters using remotely sensed snow cover data and a spatially distributed snowmelt model Snow covered area (SCA) observations from the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) were used in combination with a distributed snowmelt model to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) in the headwaters of the Rio Grande basin (3,419 km2) - a spatial scale that is an order of magnitude greater than previous reconstruction model applications. In this reconstruction approach, modeled snowmelt over each pixel is integrated over the time of ETM+ observed snow cover to estimate SWE. Considerable differences in the magnitude of SWE were simulated during the study. Basin-wide mean SWE was 2�6 times greater in April 2001 versus 2002. Despite these climatological differences, the model adequately recovered SWE at intensive... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Hydrological Processes, modeling, remote sensing, snow and ice, snowmelt, All tags... water supply, Fewer tags Controls of nitrogen isotope patterns in soil profiles To determine the dominant processes controlling nitrogen (N) dynamics in soils and increase insights into soil N cycling from nitrogen isotope (?15N) data, patterns of 15N enrichment in soil profiles were compiled from studies on tropical, temperate, and boreal systems. The maximum 15N enrichment between litter and deeper soil layers varied strongly with mycorrhizal fungal association, averaging 9.6 � 0.4? in ectomycorrhizal systems and 4.6 � 0.5? in arbuscular mycorrhizal systems. The 15N enrichment varied little with mean annual temperature, precipitation, or nitrification rates. One main factor controlling 15N in soil profiles, fractionation against 15N during N transfer by mycorrhizal fungi to host plants, leads... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Biogeochemistry, Denitrification, Isotopic fractionation, Modeling, Mycorrhizal fungi, All tags... Nitrogen isotopes, Soil horizons, Soil mixing, Springer Netherlands, Fewer tags Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Distribution, Maximum entropy, Modeling, Niche, Range EnviroAtlas - Clean and Plentiful Water Metrics for the Conterminous United States This EnviroAtlas web service supports research and online mapping activities related to EnviroAtlas (https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas). The Clean and Plentiful Water category in this web service includes layers illustrating the ecosystems and natural resources that filter and regulate water, the need or demand for clean and plentiful water, the impacts associated with water quality, and factors that place stress on water quality and supply. EnviroAtlas allows the user to interact with a web-based, easy-to-use, mapping application to view and analyze multiple ecosystem services for the conterminous United States. Additional descriptive information about each attribute in this web service is located within each web... Types: Citation; Tags: 12-digit HUCs, Agriculture, Air, Alabama, Alaska, All tags... Arizona, Arkansas, Austin, TX, Biodiversity, Biology, Biophysical, Biota, Boundaries, California, Census Block Groups, Cleanup, Climate, Colorado, Communities, Compliance, Connecticut, Conservation, Contaminant, Delaware, Demand for Ecosystem Services, Demographics, Detroit, MI, Disaster, Drinking Water, Drivers of Change - Ecosystem Services, Durham, NC, Ecology, Economy, Ecosystem, Ecosystem, Ecosystem Services, Elevation, Emergency, Endangered, Energy, EnviroAtlas, Environment, Environment, Environmental Atlas, Environmental Justice, Estuary, Exposure, Facilities, Florida, Food, Fresno, CA, Georgia, Green Infrastructure, Green Space, Ground Water, Habitat, Hawaii, Hazards, Health, Human, Human Well-being, Idaho, Illinois, Impact, Imperiled, Indiana, Indicator, Indoor Air, Inspections, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Land, Land Cover, Louisiana, Maine, Management, Marine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Milwaukee, WI, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Modeling, Monitoring, Montana, Natural Resources, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Permits, Pesticides, Phoenix, AZ, Portland, ME, Portland, OR, Potential for Change - Ecosystem Services, Protected Lands, Quality, Radiation, Recreation, Regulatory, Remediation, Response, Rhode Island, Riparian, Risk, Sites, Society, Soils, South Carolina, South Dakota, Spills, Structure, Supply of Ecosystem Services, Surface Water, Sustainability, Tampa Bay, FL, Tennessee, Texas, Threatened, Toxics, Transportation, United States, Utah, Utilities, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington DC, Waste, Water, West Virginia, Wetlands, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, Fewer tags Physical and ecological changes associated with warming permafrost and thermokarst in Interior Alaska Observations and measurements were made of physical and ecological changes that have occurred since 1985 at a tundra site near Healy, Alaska. Air temperatures decreased (1985 through 1999) while permafrost warmed and thawed creating thermokarst terrain, probably as a result of increased snow depths. Permafrost, active layer and ground-ice conditions at the Healy site are the result of the interaction of climatic, ecologic and other factors. The slow accumulation of ground ice in an intermediate permafrost layer formed by upward freezing from the permafrost surface leads to long-term differential frost heave and microrelief. When ground ice in the permafrost melts, the ground surface settles differentially resulting... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: M3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, Modeling, and Monitoring Effects of observed and experimental climate change on terrestrial ecosystems in northern Canada: results from the Canadian IPY program Issue Title: Special Issue: Science Results from the Canadian International Polar Year 2007-2008 Tundra and taiga ecosystems comprise nearly 40 % of the terrestrial landscapes of Canada. These permafrost ecosystems have supported humans for more than 4500 years, and are currently home to ca. 115,000 people, the majority of whom are First Nations, Inuit and Métis. The responses of these ecosystems to the regional warming over the past 30-50 years were the focus of four Canadian IPY projects. Northern residents and researchers reported changes in climate and weather patterns and noted shifts in vegetation and other environmental variables. In forest-tundra areas tree growth and reproductive effort correlated with... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: M3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, Modeling, and Monitoring EnviroAtlas - Food, Fuel, and Materials Metrics for Conterminous United States This EnviroAtlas web service supports research and online mapping activities related to EnviroAtlas (https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas). The Food, Fuel, and Materials category in this web service includes layers illustrating the ecosystems and natural resources that provide or support the production of food, fuel, or other materials, the need or demand for these items, the impacts associated with their presence and accessibility, and factors that place stress on the natural environment's capability to provide these benefits. EnviroAtlas allows the user to interact with a web-based, easy-to-use, mapping application to view and analyze multiple ecosystem services for the conterminous United States. Additional descriptive... Types: Citation; Tags: 12-digit HUCs, Agriculture, Air, Alabama, Alaska, All tags... Arizona, Arkansas, Austin, TX, Biodiversity, Biology, Biophysical, Biota, Boundaries, California, Census Block Groups, Cleanup, Climate, Colorado, Communities, Compliance, Connecticut, Conservation, Contaminant, Delaware, Demand for Ecosystem Services, Demographics, Detroit, MI, Disaster, Drinking Water, Drivers of Change - Ecosystem Services, Durham, NC, Ecology, Economy, Ecosystem, Ecosystem, Ecosystem Services, Elevation, Emergency, Endangered, Energy, EnviroAtlas, Environment, Environment, Environmental Atlas, Environmental Justice, Estuary, Exposure, Facilities, Florida, Food, Fresno, CA, Georgia, Green Infrastructure, Green Space, Ground Water, Habitat, Hawaii, Hazards, Health, Human, Human Well-being, Idaho, Illinois, Impact, Imperiled, Indiana, Indicator, Indoor Air, Inspections, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Land, Land Cover, Louisiana, Maine, Management, Marine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Milwaukee, WI, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Modeling, Monitoring, Montana, Natural Resources, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Permits, Pesticides, Phoenix, AZ, Portland, ME, Portland, OR, Potential for Change - Ecosystem Services, Protected Lands, Quality, Radiation, Recreation, Regulatory, Remediation, Response, Rhode Island, Riparian, Risk, Sites, Society, Soils, South Carolina, South Dakota, Spills, Structure, Supply of Ecosystem Services, Surface Water, Sustainability, Tampa Bay, FL, Tennessee, Texas, Threatened, Toxics, Transportation, United States, Utah, Utilities, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Washington DC, Waste, Water, West Virginia, Wetlands, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, Fewer tags Physical and ecological controls on methane release from a boreal peatland in interior Alaska This thesis is an investigation of the biophysical controls on the three modes of methane (CH4 ) release from a boreal peatland: diffusion, plant-mediated transport and ebullition. My objectives were to (1) quantify the total CH4 flux of a permafrost thaw-affected peatland, (2) establish the relative importance of the three modes of CH4 release in these systems, and (3) identify key biotic and abiotic controls on individual transport mechanisms. Results showed that ebullition and plant-mediated transport were the dominant pathways for CH4 release and that traditional approaches for measuring total CH4 flux from peatland soils underestimated total efflux by not capturing ebullition. Further, results from a laboratory... Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, and Monitoring Airborne electromagnetic imaging of discontinuous permafrost The evolution of permafrost in cold regions is inextricably connected to hydrogeologic processes, climate, and ecosystems. Permafrost thawing has been linked to changes in wetland and lake areas, alteration of the groundwater contribution to streamflow, carbon release, and increased fire frequency. But detailed knowledge about the dynamic state of permafrost in relation to surface and groundwater systems remains an enigma. Here, we present the results of a pioneering 1,800 line-kilometer airborne electromagnetic survey that shows sediments deposited over the past 4 million years and the configuration of permafrost to depths of 100 meters in the Yukon Flats area near Fort Yukon, Alaska. The Yukon Flats is near the... Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Baseline 1-High Resolution Landcover Imaging, Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, and Monitoring “The Worst Thing We Had To Contend With”: Permafrost and Construction of the Alcan Highway Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, and Monitoring Effects of observed and experimental climate change on terrestrial ecosystems in northern Canada: results from the Canadian IPY program Issue Title: Special Issue: Science Results from the Canadian International Polar Year 2007-2008 Tundra and taiga ecosystems comprise nearly 40 % of the terrestrial landscapes of Canada. These permafrost ecosystems have supported humans for more than 4500 years, and are currently home to ca. 115,000 people, the majority of whom are First Nations, Inuit and Métis. The responses of these ecosystems to the regional warming over the past 30-50 years were the focus of four Canadian IPY projects. Northern residents and researchers reported changes in climate and weather patterns and noted shifts in vegetation and other environmental variables. In forest-tundra areas tree growth and reproductive effort correlated with... Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, and Monitoring Validation of the Basal Temperature of Snow (BTS) method to map permafrost in complex mountainous terrain, Ruby Range, Yukon Territory and Haines Summit, British Columbia This study is the second attempt to use the Basal Temperature of Snow (BTS) method to map permafrost in mountainous regions of northwestern Canada. It differs from the first study which took place in Wolf Creek in terms of (1) the methodology used to evaluate BTS, (2) the strategy used to avoid spatial autocorrelation in residuals, and (3) the climatic regions investigated. Two study areas, part of the Ruby Range (61° 12' N, 138° 19' W) and Haines Summit (59° 37' N, 136° 27' W) were selected for BTS sampling based on differing climatic conditions and previous knowledge of permafrost elevations from active rock glaciers. A total of 30 BTS measurements were made in the Ruby Range in the winter of 2006 and a total... Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, and Monitoring Sensitivity of northern peatland carbon dynamics to Holocene climate change Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, and Monitoring Export of carbon, nitrogen and major solutes from a boreal forest watershed: The influence of fire and permafrost Detailed observations of stream, soil, and groundwater chemistry were used to determine the role of fire, permafrost and snowmelt processes on the fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and major solutes from interior Alaskan catchments. We examined an experimentally burned watershed and two reference watersheds that differ in permafrost coverage (high, 53%; medium-burn, 18%; and low, 4%) during the FROSTFIRE prescribed burn in July 1999. The fire elevated stream nitrate concentrations for a short period during the first post-fire storm, but nitrate declined thereafter, suggesting that less severe fires that leave an intact riparian zone may have only a short-term effect on stream chemistry. Nevertheless, we found fundamental... Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, R1-Vulnerability Forest Species and Communities to Climate Change, R2b-Effects of Fire on Ecosystems, and Monitoring POGO Gold Mine EIS/NEPA Project Pogo Mine Project: An Introduction The Project: The proposed Pogo Gold Mine would be located about 38 miles northeast of Delta Junction, Alaska, near the Goodpaster River (see figure 1). Teck-Pogo, Inc., the "applicant," plans to develop the mine on state-owned land. It would be an underground mine with a surface mill producing up to 500,000 ounces of gold each year. The applicant hopes to begin construction in 2002, and proposes to operate the mine 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, for about 12 years. This predicted mine-life is based on existing information; on-going exploration could increase the life of the mine. The project would employ up to 385 employees. Workers would be housed on site. An airstrip would... Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Adaptation planning 1-Best management practices, Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, and Monitoring, landscape scale conservation: Human Activity Geometry of oriented lakes in Old Crow Flats, northern Yukon Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, Projecting Future States 3a-Future Vulnerability to Land use Change, and Monitoring The effect of fire and permafrost interactions on soil carbon accumulation in an upland black spruce ecosystem of interior Alaska: implications for post-thaw carbon loss Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Modeling, Monitoring 3-Improve Permafrost Mapping, and Monitoring 1 2 3 4 5 ... 48 »