Metabolism estimates for 356 U.S. rivers (2007-2017): 3. Timeseries data

This dataset provides timeseries data on water quality and quantity, as collected or computed from outside sources. The format is many tables with one row per time series observation (1 tab-delimited file per site-variable combination, 1 zip file per site). This compilation of data is intended for use in estimating or interpreting metabolism. Sites were included if they met the initial criteria of having at least 100 dissolved oxygen observations and one of the accepted NWIS site types ('ST','ST-CA','ST-DCH','ST-TS', or 'SP'). This dataset is part of a larger data release of metabolism model inputs and outputs for 356 streams and rivers across the United States (https://doi.org/10.5066/F70864KX). The complete release...

Tags: 007, 012, AK, AL, AR, All tags... Aerobic respiration, Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, CA, CO, CT, California, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, DE, Delaware, Dissolved oxygen, District of Columbia, Energy metabolism, FL, Florida, GA, Gas exchange, Georgia, IA, ID, IL, IN, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, KS, KY, Kansas, Kentucky, LA, Louisiana, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NY, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, OH, OK, OR, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oxygen, PA, PR, Pennsylvania, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Puerto Rico, Rivers, SC, SD, South Carolina, South Dakota, Streams, TN, TX, Tennessee, Texas, US, UT, United States, Utah, VA, Virginia, WA, WI, WV, WY, Washington, Water courses, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, inlandWaters, Fewer tags

Overview of Sampled Lakes, Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge

This dataset is a single comma-delimited text file (.csv). Data include the name of lakes where sampling occurred, approximate geographic coordinates of each lake, historical dynamics of the lake, and indication of measurements taken at the lake.

Categories: Data; Tags: Alaska, Biogeochemical cycles, Biomass, Biomass dynamics, Biota, All tags... Community ecology, Environment, Landscape ecology, Primary production, Yukon Flats, Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Fewer tags

Aboveground Net Primary Production Estimates from the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge

This dataset is a single comma-delimited text file (.csv). Data include the name of lakes where samples were obtained, the historical dynamics of that lake, the sampled community type, and the dry mass of annual new growth. Shrub community measurements are a combination of understory mass from quadrat harvests and shrub stem mass derived from published allometric equations.

Categories: Data; Tags: Alaska, Biogeochemical cycles, Biomass, Biomass dynamics, Biota, All tags... Community ecology, Environment, Landscape ecology, Primary production, Terrestrial ecosystems, Wetland ecosystems, Yukon Flats, Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Fewer tags

Metabolism estimates for 356 U.S. rivers (2007-2017): 4. Model inputs

This dataset provides input data formatted for use in estimating metabolism. The format is tables of prepared time series inputs (1 tab-delimited file per site, in 1 zip file per site). This dataset is part of a larger data release of metabolism model inputs and outputs for 356 streams and rivers across the United States (https://doi.org/10.5066/F70864KX). The complete release includes: modeled estimates of gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and the gas exchange coefficient; model input data and alternative input data; model fit and diagnostic information; site catchment boundaries and site point locations; and potential predictors of metabolism such as discharge and light availability.

Tags: 007, 012, AK, AR, Aerobic respiration, All tags... Alaska, Arkansas, CA, CO, CT, California, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, DE, Delaware, Dissolved oxygen, District of Columbia, Energy metabolism, FL, Florida, GA, Gas exchange, Georgia, IA, ID, IL, IN, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, KS, KY, Kansas, Kentucky, LA, Louisiana, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NY, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, OH, OK, OR, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oxygen, PA, Pennsylvania, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Rivers, SC, SD, South Carolina, South Dakota, Streams, TN, TX, Tennessee, Texas, US, UT, United States, Utah, VA, Virginia, WA, WI, WV, WY, Washington, Water courses, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, inlandWaters, Fewer tags

Consumer Control of Grassland Plant Production

The effect of herbivory on grassland whole-plant production is poorly understood. Herbivores can increase grassland aboveground productivity, and laboratory experiments suggest that herbivory should reduce grass root growth. However, few field studies have directly measured the response of grassland root production to herbivores. We examined the effect of native migratory ungulates on grassland primary production by comparing aboveground (NAP) and belowground (NBP) production in grazed vs. ungrazed (fenced) grassland at nine variable sites in Yellowstone National Park. NBP was determined with minirhizotrons to account for root turnover. Grazers stimulated aboveground, below-ground, and whole-grassland productivity...

Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Ecological Society of America, Ecology, Yellowstone National Park., grassland, herbivory, All tags... minirhizotron, primary production, root growth, ungulates, Fewer tags

Light model and GPP estimates for 173 U.S. rivers: 2. Model inputs and outputs

This dataset provides timeseries of model input and output data and is part of a larger data release of inputs and outputs from a model to predict light at the stream surface and within the water column for 173 streams and rivers across the continental United States. The complete release contains model input data, modeled estimates of light at the stream surface and within the water column, and modeled estimates of gross primary productivity.

Tags: Light transmission, Metabolism, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Rivers, All tags... Streams, Turbidity, Fewer tags

Light model and GPP estimates for 173 U.S. rivers: 3. Model validation dataset

This dataset provides a common validation set for estimates of gross primary productivity. This data represents a subset of all predictions made in the model inputs and outputs that were converted to GPP based on a light use efficiency. The data was subsetted for only days were all light estimates could be produced. This dataset is part of a larger data release of inputs and outputs from a model to predict light at the stream surface and within the water column for 173 streams and rivers across the continental United States. The complete release contains model input data, modeled estimates of light at the stream surface and within the water column, and modeled estimates of gross primary productivity.

Tags: Light transmission, Metabolism, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Rivers, All tags... Streams, Turbidity, United States, Fewer tags

Metabolism estimates for 356 U.S. rivers (2007-2017): 1. Site data

This dataset provides site identifiers, details, and quality indicators. The format is a table with 1 row per site (tab-delimited file). This dataset is part of a larger data release of metabolism model inputs and outputs for 356 streams and rivers across the United States (https://doi.org/10.5066/F70864KX). The complete release includes: modeled estimates of gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and the gas exchange coefficient; model input data and alternative input data; model fit and diagnostic information; site catchment boundaries and site point locations; and potential predictors of metabolism such as discharge and light availability.

Tags: 007, 012, AK, AL, AR, All tags... Aerobic respiration, Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, CA, CO, CT, California, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, DE, Delaware, Dissolved oxygen, District of Columbia, Energy metabolism, FL, Florida, GA, Gas exchange, Georgia, IA, ID, IL, IN, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, KS, KY, Kansas, Kentucky, LA, Louisiana, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NY, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, OH, OK, OR, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oxygen, PA, PR, Pennsylvania, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Puerto Rico, Rivers, SC, SD, South Carolina, South Dakota, Streams, TN, TX, Tennessee, Texas, US, UT, United States, Utah, VA, Virginia, WA, WI, WV, WY, Washington, Water courses, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, inlandWaters, Fewer tags

Metabolism estimates for 356 U.S. rivers (2007-2017): 2a. Site coordinates

This dataset provides site locations as shapefile points. The format is a shapefile for all sites combined (.shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj files). This dataset is part of a larger data release of metabolism model inputs and outputs for 356 streams and rivers across the United States (https://doi.org/10.5066/F70864KX). The complete release includes: modeled estimates of gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and the gas exchange coefficient; model input data and alternative input data; model fit and diagnostic information; site catchment boundaries and site point locations; and potential predictors of metabolism such as discharge and light availability.

Categories: Data; Types: Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: 007, 012, AK, AL, AR, All tags... Aerobic respiration, Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, CA, CO, CT, California, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, DE, Delaware, Dissolved oxygen, District of Columbia, Energy metabolism, FL, Florida, GA, Gas exchange, Georgia, IA, ID, IL, IN, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, KS, KY, Kansas, Kentucky, LA, Louisiana, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NY, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, OH, OK, OR, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oxygen, PA, PR, Pennsylvania, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Puerto Rico, Rivers, SC, SD, South Carolina, South Dakota, Streams, TN, TX, Tennessee, Texas, US, UT, United States, Utah, VA, Virginia, WA, WI, WV, WY, Washington, Water courses, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, inlandWaters, Fewer tags

Mixing Patterns and Plankton Biomass of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes under Climate Change Scenarios

This study is part of an assessment of potential effects of climate change on the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. Its purpose is to investigate potential future lake mixing patterns and primary production. Nested physical and biological models were applied to seasonal mixed layer depth, heat content, primary productivity, and to algal biomass measured as particulate chlorophyll. Two independent second generation General Circulation Models provided scenarios for future conditions of cloud cover, air temperature, humidity, and winds. The climate variables were used to force heat balance and surface mixed layer models for Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Physical models of heat balance and mixed layer...

Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Data Visualization & Tools, Great Lakes, Irradiance, Landscapes, Northeast CASC, All tags... Other Landscapes, Science Tools For Managers, primary production, respiration, saturation light intensity, Fewer tags

Morphology and genetics of Lythrum salicaria from latitudinal gradients of the Northern Hemisphere grown in cold and hot common gardens

Genetic diversity may promote a plant species’ invasiveness by facilitating the evolution of local adaptation, enhanced competitive abilities, and phenotypic plasticity. We examined the possible role of genetic diversity in the invasiveness of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., a Eurasian native introduced to North America, through a broad geographic comparison of eight populations, four from Europe and four from North America. We further cultivated these populations in two common gardens varying by nearly 20 degrees of latitude to evaluate whether invasive populations exhibit heightened growth/reproductive capabilities and/or phenotypic plasticity when faced with widely varying environmental conditions....

Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Botany, Climate change, Genetics, Lafayette, Lafayette parish, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), All tags... primary production, Fewer tags

Light model and GPP estimates for 173 U.S. rivers: 1. Site information and parameters

This dataset provides information on site identifiers, location information, and model parameters. The format is a tab-delimted file with 1 row per site. This dataset is part of a larger data release of inputs and outputs from a model to predict light at the stream surface and within the water column for 173 streams and rivers across the continental United States. The complete release contains model input data, modeled estimates of light at the stream surface and within the water column, and modeled estimates of gross primary productivity.

Tags: Light transmission, Metabolism, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Rivers, All tags... Streams, Turbidity, United States, Fewer tags

Soil and Vegetation Data from Lake-Margin Wetlands in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge

This data release provides seven datasets of soil and vegetation data from lake margin soils from throughout the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge. Data includes multiple lakes that are defined as either stable or drying. Lake margin vegetation communities include graminoid, shrub, and forest. Sols are separated into organic and mineral layers. Microbial data includes different phospholipid fatty acids and soil enzyme activity data for multiple enzymes involved in C,N, and P cycling. Data also includes information on respiration rate constants (k) and labile substrate pool (Ao) from soil incubations. Other soil chemical attributes such as soil pH, electrical conductivity, percent C and percent N are also included.

Categories: Data; Tags: Alaska, Biogeochemical cycles, Biomass, Biomass dynamics, Biota, All tags... Community ecology, Environment, Landscape ecology, Primary production, Terrestrial ecosystems, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Wetland ecosystems, Yukon Flats, Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, Fewer tags

Metabolism estimates for 356 U.S. rivers (2007-2017): 5. Model configurations

This dataset provides model specifications used to estimate metabolism. The format is a table with 1 row per model (1 tab-delimited file, compressed into zip file). The specific format of this configuration file is arbitrary and specific to this analysis, and the format need not be replicated to use streamMetabolizer; however, this tabular format is useful because it allows for the reading by both humans and computers of (1) the combinations of sites and temporal resolutions for which models were run, (2) the timeseries data that were selected and combined to prepare the input to each model, and (3) the model specifications and parameters that were used in each model application. This dataset is part of a larger...

Tags: 007, 012, AK, AR, Aerobic respiration, All tags... Alaska, Arkansas, CA, CO, CT, California, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, DE, Delaware, Dissolved oxygen, District of Columbia, Energy metabolism, FL, Florida, GA, Gas exchange, Georgia, IA, ID, IL, IN, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, KS, KY, Kansas, Kentucky, LA, Louisiana, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NY, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, OH, OK, OR, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oxygen, PA, Pennsylvania, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Rivers, SC, SD, South Carolina, South Dakota, Streams, TN, TX, Tennessee, Texas, US, UT, United States, Utah, VA, Virginia, WA, WI, WV, WY, Washington, Water courses, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, inlandWaters, Fewer tags

Linking precipitation and C3-C4 plant production to resource dynamics in higher-trophic-level consumers.

In many ecosystems, seasonal shifts in temperature and precipitation induce pulses of primary productivity that vary in phenology, abundance, and nutritional quality. Variation in these resource pulses could strongly influence community composition and ecosystem function, because these pervasive bottom-up forces play a primary role in determining the biomass, life cycles, and interactions of organisms across trophic levels. The focus of this research is to understand how consumers across trophic levels alter resource use and assimilation over seasonal and interannual timescales in response to climatically driven changes in pulses of primary productivity. We measured the carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) of plant,...

Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: C3 plants, C4 plants, Chihuahuan Desert, Ecology, New Mexico, All tags... USA, carbon, food web, lizard, plant photosynthetic type, precipitation, primary production, pulse, resource, stable isotope, Fewer tags

Metabolism estimates for 356 U.S. rivers (2007-2017): 7. Model diagnostics

This dataset provides key diagnostics and overall assessments of metabolism model performance. The format is a table with 1 row per model (1 tab-delimited file, compressed into zip file). See the accompanying publication for rationale for the choices of specific diagnostics. This dataset is part of a larger data release of metabolism model inputs and outputs for 356 streams and rivers across the United States (https://doi.org/10.5066/F70864KX). The complete release includes: modeled estimates of gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and the gas exchange coefficient; model input data and alternative input data; model fit and diagnostic information; site catchment boundaries and site point locations;...

Tags: 007, 012, AK, AR, Aerobic respiration, All tags... Alaska, Arkansas, CA, CO, CT, California, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, DE, Delaware, Dissolved oxygen, District of Columbia, Energy metabolism, FL, Florida, GA, Gas exchange, Georgia, IA, ID, IL, IN, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, KS, KY, Kansas, Kentucky, LA, Louisiana, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NY, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, OH, OK, OR, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oxygen, PA, Pennsylvania, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Rivers, SC, SD, South Carolina, South Dakota, Streams, TN, TX, Tennessee, Texas, US, UT, United States, Utah, VA, Virginia, WA, WI, WV, WY, Washington, Water courses, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, inlandWaters, Fewer tags

Metabolism estimates for 356 U.S. rivers (2007-2017): 8. Metabolism estimates and predictors

This dataset provides daily metabolism estimates and potential predictor variables to support further exploration. The format is a table with 1 row per site-date combination (1 tab-delimited file, compressed into a zip file). This dataset is part of a larger data release of metabolism model inputs and outputs for 356 streams and rivers across the United States (https://doi.org/10.5066/F70864KX). The complete release includes: modeled estimates of gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and the gas exchange coefficient; model input data and alternative input data; model fit and diagnostic information; site catchment boundaries and site point locations; and potential predictors of metabolism such as discharge...

Tags: 007, 012, AK, AR, Aerobic respiration, All tags... Alaska, Arkansas, CA, CO, CT, California, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, DE, Delaware, Dissolved oxygen, District of Columbia, Energy metabolism, FL, Florida, GA, Gas exchange, Georgia, IA, ID, IL, IN, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, KS, KY, Kansas, Kentucky, LA, Louisiana, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NY, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, OH, OK, OR, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oxygen, PA, Pennsylvania, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Rivers, SC, SD, South Carolina, South Dakota, Streams, TN, TX, Tennessee, Texas, US, UT, United States, Utah, VA, Virginia, WA, WI, WV, WY, Washington, Water courses, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, inlandWaters, Fewer tags

Extreme precipitation variability, forage quality and large herbivore diet selection in arid environments

Nutritional ecology forms the interface between environmental variability and large herbivore behaviour, life history characteristics, and population dynamics. Forage conditions in arid and semi-arid regions are driven by unpredictable spatial and temporal patterns in rainfall. Diet selection by herbivores should be directed towards overcoming the most pressing nutritional limitation (i.e. energy, protein [nitrogen, N], moisture) within the constraints imposed by temporal and spatial variability in forage conditions. We investigated the influence of precipitation-induced shifts in forage nutritional quality and subsequent large herbivore responses across widely varying precipitation conditions in an arid environment....

Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Drought, Drought, Fire and Extreme Weather, Land Use Change, Large herbivore foraging ecology, All tags... Mammals, National CASC, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Wildlife Biology, Wildlife and Plants, biota, foraging ecology, herbivore, ovis canadensis mexicana, primary production, ruminant, Fewer tags

Metabolism estimates for 356 U.S. rivers (2007-2017): 6. Model outputs

This dataset provides complete fits from metabolism estimation models. The format is 5 files per model (text and tab-delimited files, packaged as 1 zip file per model): (1) estimates of daily gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and the gas exchange coefficient (K600), (2) parameters for the model overall, (3) estimates of the nodes defining the piecewise line relating K600 to discharge, (4) parameters for the overall relationship between K600 and discharge, and (5) any warnings returned by the model. This dataset is part of a larger data release of metabolism model inputs and outputs for 356 streams and rivers across the United States (https://doi.org/10.5066/F70864KX). The complete release...

Tags: 007, 012, AK, AR, Aerobic respiration, All tags... Alaska, Arkansas, CA, CO, CT, California, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, DE, Delaware, Dissolved oxygen, District of Columbia, Energy metabolism, FL, Florida, GA, Gas exchange, Georgia, IA, ID, IL, IN, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, KS, KY, Kansas, Kentucky, LA, Louisiana, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NY, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, OH, OK, OR, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oxygen, PA, Pennsylvania, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Rivers, SC, SD, South Carolina, South Dakota, Streams, TN, TX, Tennessee, Texas, US, UT, United States, Utah, VA, Virginia, WA, WI, WV, WY, Washington, Water courses, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, inlandWaters, Fewer tags

Metabolism estimates for 356 U.S. rivers (2007-2017): 2b. Site catchment boundaries

This dataset provides shapefile outlines of the catchments contributing to sites where metabolism was or could have been estimated. The format is a shapefile for all sites combined (.shp, .shx, .dbf, and .prj files). This dataset is part of a larger data release of metabolism model inputs and outputs for 356 streams and rivers across the United States (https://doi.org/10.5066/F70864KX). The complete release includes: modeled estimates of gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and the gas exchange coefficient; model input data and alternative input data; model fit and diagnostic information; site catchment boundaries and site point locations; and potential predictors of metabolism such as discharge and...

Categories: Data; Types: Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: 007, 012, AK, AL, AR, All tags... Aerobic respiration, Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, CA, CO, CT, California, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, DE, Delaware, Dissolved oxygen, District Of Columbia, Energy metabolism, FL, Florida, GA, Gas exchange, Georgia, IA, ID, IL, IN, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, KS, KY, Kansas, Kentucky, LA, Louisiana, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, NY, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, OH, OK, OR, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Oxygen, PA, Pennsylvania, Photosynthesis, Primary production, Rivers, SC, SD, South Carolina, South Dakota, Streams, TN, TX, Tennessee, Texas, US, UT, United States, Utah, VA, VT, Vermont, Virginia, WA, WI, WV, WY, Washington, Water courses, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, environment, inlandWaters, Fewer tags