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Abstract (from http://climatechangeresponses.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40665-016-0015-2): Background Detailed assessments of species responses to climate change are uncommon, owing to the limited nature of most ecological and local climate data sets. Exceptions, such as the case of the Haleakalā silversword, can provide important insights into the complexity of biological responses to changing climate conditions. We present a time series of decadal population censuses, combined with a pair of early population projections, which together span the past 80 years of demographic history for this alpine plant. Results The time series suggests a strong population recovery from the 1930s through the 1980s, likely...
On 28 July 1999, about 480 alpine debris flows were triggered by an afternoon thunderstorm along the Continental Divide in Clear Creek and Summit counties in the central Front Range of Colorado. The thunderstorm produced about 43 mm of rain in 4 h, 35 mm of which fell in the first 2 h. Several debris flows triggered by the storm impacted Interstate Highway 70, U.S. Highway 6, and the Arapahoe Basin ski area. We mapped the debris flows from color aerial photography and inspected many of them in the field. Three processes initiated debris flows. The first process initiated 11% of the debris flows and involved the mobilization of shallow landslides in thick, often well vegetated, colluvium. The second process, which...
For much of the western USA, precipitation occurs in pulses, the nature of which determine soil water potential and plant physiological performance. This research utilized three experiments to examine the sensitivity of photosynthesis and water relations for two widespread Great Basin Desert shrub species, Artemisia tridentata (which has both deep and shallow roots) and Purshia tridentata (which reportedly has only deep roots), to (1) variation in pulse magnitude size, (2) the kinetics of responses to pulses, and (3) the relationship between pulse-size and antecedent soil water content. At the study site in the southwestern Great Basin Desert, USA, summer rainfall exhibits a greater frequency of larger-sized events,...
A natural rainfall study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage and herbicide application methods on crop residue cover, surface runoff volume, erosion, and herbicide losses with sediment and runoff water. Sediment, water, and three herbicides (atrazine [(6-chloro-N-ethyl)-N-(1-methylethyl-1,3,5 triazine)-2-4-diamine], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)], and cyanazine [2-{{4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,4-triazin-2-yl}amino}-2-methylpropionitrile]) losses were measured from continuous corn runoff plots (1.7×12.0 m long) in 1993 and 1994. Four tillage/herbicide application treatments were studied: no-till/herbicide broadcast sprayed (NT), fall chisel plow-spring disk/herbicide...
Egg production by desert tortoises was estimated at two sites in San Bernardino, California: Ivanpah Valley in 1980 and 1981 and Goffs in 1983, 1984 and 1985. Mean clutch frequencies were estimated for 1980 (1.60) and 1981 (1.10) from mass changes observed among sexually mature females weighed every 1-2 wk. Mean clutch frequencies in 1983 (1.89), 1984 (1.57) and 1985 (1.75) were estimated from periodic X-rays of females. Clutch sizes were also determined from radiographs. Tortoises at Goffs typically laid 1-2 clutches during May and June, but one female failed to lay eggs in 1984 and single tortoises laid three clutches in 1983 and 1985. If tortoises laid two clutches, the second was faintly visible in X-rays within...
Hawaii’s high and steep topography leads to pronounced small-scale variations in climate, and this makes comprehensive modeling of the weather and climate particularly challenging. This paper describes a regional model formulation designed for simulations of the microclimates in Hawaii and then documents and analyzes an extended retrospective simulation for near-present-day conditions. Part II will apply the model to projected climate conditions near the end of the present century. A nested version of the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with fine horizontal resolution and improved physics for the Hawaiian region has been configured. A 20-yr triply nested simulation of the...
In a given watershed, the accuracy of models in predicting the hydrologic and erosion behavior depends, to a large extent, on the quality of the knowledge in respect of the spatial rainfall. The hydrologic and erosion aspects of rainfall are often discussed without due regard to any resulting improvement in watershed modeling. Thus, there is a real need for streamlining raingauge networks in order to reflect rainfall variability and its effect on the prediction of water, sediment and nutrient fluxes at the watershed scale. In this study, such an impact was analyzed using 9-year data collected at the outlets of two watersheds encompassing a range of climates, surface areas and environmental conditions. The Soil and...
Abstract (from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD022059/abstract): Seasonal mean rainfall projections for Hawai‘i are given based on statistical downscaling of the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) global model results for two future representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The spatial information content of our statistical downscaling method is improved over previous efforts through the inclusion of spatially extensive, high-quality monthly rainfall data set and the use of improved large-scale climate predictor information. Predictor variables include moisture transport in the middle atmosphere (700 hPa), vertical temperature gradients, and geopotential...