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The effects of impervious area, septic leach-field effluent, and a riparian wetland on runoff generation were studied in three small (0.38–0.56 km2) headwater catchments that represent a range of suburban development (high density residential, medium density residential, and undeveloped) within the Croton River basin, 70 km north of New York City. Precipitation, stream discharge, and groundwater levels were monitored at 10–30 min intervals for 1 year, and stream water and groundwater samples were collected biweekly for δ18O, NO3−, and SO42− analysis for more than 2 years during an overlapping period in 2000–2002. Data from 27 storms confirmed that peak magnitudes increased and recession time decreased with increasing...