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The European Union in its energy and climate change policy has decided to set up binding target of 20% renewables in gross final energy demand, to reduce greenhouse gases emissions by 20% and to increase the energy efficiency by 20% by 2020. It is in the process of deciding to decarbonize its power sector by 2050. A significant technology shift will be necessary to fulfill such goals, but it is already clear that technologies that will be used are available, mainly in the area of renewable electricity and heat generation, biofuels and electricity for transport, energy efficiency, especially in buildings and transportation, cogeneration, nuclear energy in those countries in which it is politically acceptable, which...
This paper gives some examples of the application of systems analysis (the examination of the elements and linkages in an interacting group of items forming a unified whole) to the issue of human development and environmental change. The various examples, taken from a report submitted to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), deal with four basic human needs (food, water, energy and waste assimilation) and illustrate that: (1) it is possible to formulate holistic conceptual models of the socio-ecological system in which we live; (2) systems analysis can help us understand the constraints we face in terms of population growth, natural resources, and the assimilative capacity of the...
This paper gives some examples of the application of systems analysis (the examination of the elements and linkages in an interacting group of items forming a unified whole) to the issue of human development and environmental change. The various examples, taken from a report submitted to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), deal with four basic human needs (food, water, energy and waste assimilation) and illustrate that: (1) it is possible to formulate holistic conceptual models of the socio-ecological system in which we live; (2) systems analysis can help us understand the constraints we face in terms of population growth, natural resources, and the assimilative capacity of the...
This paper gives some examples of the application of systems analysis (the examination of the elements and linkages in an interacting group of items forming a unified whole) to the issue of human development and environmental change. The various examples, taken from a report submitted to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), deal with four basic human needs (food, water, energy and waste assimilation) and illustrate that: (1) it is possible to formulate holistic conceptual models of the socio-ecological system in which we live; (2) systems analysis can help us understand the constraints we face in terms of population growth, natural resources, and the assimilative capacity of the...
This paper describes the development of a systems based model to characterise farmers’ decision-making process in information-intensive practices, and its evaluation in the context of Precision Agriculture (PA). A participative methodology was developed in which farm managers decomposed their process of decision-making into brief decision statements along with associated information requirements. The methodology was first developed on a university research farm in Denmark and further revised during testing on a number of research and commercial farms in Indiana, USA. Twenty-one decision-analysis factors were identified to characterise a farm manager’s decision-making process. Then, a general data flow diagram (DFD)...
This paper presents a summary of the findings and recommendations of the studies of severe, sustained drought reported in this special issue. The management facilities and institutions were found to be effective in protecting consumptive water users against drought, but much less effective in protecting nonconsumptive uses. Changes in intrastate water management were found to be effective in reducing the monetary value of damages, through reallocating shortages to low-valued uses, while only water banking and water marketing, among the possible interstate rule changes, were similarly effective. Players representing the basin states and the federal government in three gaming experiments were unable to agree upon...