Filters: Tags: contaminants (X) > Categories: Data (X)

Filters Date Range Past year (8) Past month (1) Past week (1) Past day (1) Custom range... To   Search Extensions Budget (2) Project (2) Citation (1) Expando (1) Types Citation (14) Map Service (7) OGC WFS Layer (7) OGC WMS Layer (7) OGC WMS Service (7) Contacts Travis S. Schmidt Desert Landscape Conservation Cooperative U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase Barbara J. Mahler Brittanie L. Dabney More... Categories Collection (3) Project (2) Publication (1) Tag Types Theme (22) Place (23) theme (7) USGS Scientific Topic Keyword (9) Harvest Set (15) Resource Type (7) Status (7) More... Tag Schemes None (14) https://earthdata.nasa.gov/gcmd-forum (7) USGS Thesaurus (14) none (3) Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) (2) Other (2) ISO 19115 Topic Category (8) More... View Results as: JSON ATOM CSV

Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Mixing in Keswick Reservoir, California, 2021-22 California's State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) wishes to quantify how water and constituents introduced via the outflow from the Spring Creek Diversion Dam mix with water within Keswick Reservoir. Of primary interest is the degree of dilution that exists when this introduced flow reaches the main stem of Keswick Reservoir, and how this mixing is influenced by different operational parameters of the system. In addition to flows through the three relevant dams (Spring Creek Debris Dam, Keswick Dam, and Shasta Dam) that must be considered, there is additional flow entering the Spring Creek Arm of the Keswick Reservoir via two penstocks that carry water from Whiskeytown Lake - in a different watershed - to... Categories: Data; Tags: Contaminants, Hydrodynamics, Hydrology, Keswick Reservoir, Limnology, All tags... Redding, Rhodamine Dye, Sacramento River, Shasta Dam, Spring Creek Debris Dam, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Water Quality, biota, three-dimensional numerical modeling, Fewer tags Multi-stressor Predictive Models of Invertebrate Condition in the Corn Belt, U.S.A. The data set includes the macroinvertebrate metrics calculated by IDAS software (Cuffney 2003, USGS OFR 03-172) for the Midwest Stream Quality Assessment (MSQA). Invert data is taxonomic data that has been summarized into variables called metrics that summarize various components of the taxonomic data. The original taxonomic data comes from USGS BioData. Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Aquatic Biology, Ecology, Environmental Health, Midwest, U.S., USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), All tags... bioassessment, contaminants, macroinvertebrate, multi-stressor, streams, Fewer tags Aqueous Phases of Bifenthrin in Mesocosms Direct and indirect ecological effects of the widely used insecticide bifenthrin on stream ecosystems are largely unknown. To investigate such effects, a manipulative experiment was conducted in stream mesocosms that were colonized by aquatic insect communities and exposed to bifenthrin-contaminated sediment; implications for natural streams were interpreted through comparison of mesocosm results to a survey of 100 Midwestern streams, USA. In the mesocosm experiment, direct effects of bifenthrin exposure included reduced larval macroinvertebrate abundance, richness, and biomass at concentrations (EC50s ranged 197.6 – 233.5 ng bifenthrin/ g organic carbon) previously thought safe for aquatic life. Indirect effects... Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, All tags... Michigan, Midwest United States, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, adult emergence, aquatic insect communities, aquatic-terrestrial linkages, bifenthrin, contaminants, mesocosm, pesticides, sediment quality, suspended sediment, trophic cascade, water quality, Fewer tags Characteristics of Spikes Delivered to Mesocosms Direct and indirect ecological effects of the widely used insecticide bifenthrin on stream ecosystems are largely unknown. To investigate such effects, a manipulative experiment was conducted in stream mesocosms that were colonized by aquatic insect communities and exposed to bifenthrin-contaminated sediment; implications for natural streams were interpreted through comparison of mesocosm results to a survey of 100 Midwestern streams, USA. In the mesocosm experiment, direct effects of bifenthrin exposure included reduced larval macroinvertebrate abundance, richness, and biomass at concentrations (EC50s ranged 197.6 – 233.5 ng bifenthrin/ g organic carbon) previously thought safe for aquatic life. Indirect effects... Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, All tags... Michigan, Midwest, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, adult emergence, aquatic insect communities, aquatic-terrestrial linkages, bifenthrin, contaminants, mesocosm, pesticides, sediment quality, suspended sediment, trophic cascade, water quality, Fewer tags EPA Impaired Waters presence and causes for HUC12 watersheds across the Conterminous U.S. This dataset summarizes impairment status for HUC12 watersheds at the CONUS scale using the EPA publicly available Assessment, Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Tracking and Implementation System (ATTAINS) geospatial package and the USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD). ATTAINS is an online system maintained by the EPA containing information about the condition of the Nation’s surface waters, as reported by individual states. These data were downloaded in October 2023 and primarily reflect 2022 stream conditions. Because of the varying data types that exist in the database, an independent methodology was developed for summarizing impairment status for HUC12 watersheds using the USGS WBD as detailed in this metadata... Categories: Data; Tags: CONUS, Contaminants, Conterminous U.S., Ecosystem, Environment, All tags... Ground Water, Impaired Waters, Management, Natural Resources, Streams, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Water, contamination and pollution, surface water quality, water quality, watershed management, Fewer tags Bifenthrin Absorption to Mesocosm Walls Resulting From the Delivery of a Bifenthrin Spiked Suspended Sediment Direct and indirect ecological effects of the widely used insecticide bifenthrin on stream ecosystems are largely unknown. To investigate such effects, a manipulative experiment was conducted in stream mesocosms that were colonized by aquatic insect communities and exposed to bifenthrin-contaminated sediment; implications for natural streams were interpreted through comparison of mesocosm results to a survey of 100 Midwestern streams, USA. In the mesocosm experiment, direct effects of bifenthrin exposure included reduced larval macroinvertebrate abundance, richness, and biomass at concentrations (EC50s ranged 197.6 – 233.5 ng bifenthrin/ g organic carbon) previously thought safe for aquatic life. Indirect effects... Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, All tags... Michigan, Midwest United States, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, adult emergence, aquatic insect communities, aquatic-terrestrial linkages, bifenthrin, contaminants, mesocosm, pesticides, sediment quality, suspended sediment, trophic cascade, water quality, Fewer tags Variability of mercury concentrations among whole bird feathers, feather homogenates, and feather components quantified in California in 2017-2018 These data are the raw total mercury (THg) concentrations in whole feathers, feather homogenates, and feather components (i.e., rachis, vane, calamus) that are presented in the Journal Article "Mercury concentrations vary within and among individual bird feathers: A critical evaluation and guidelines for feather use in mercury monitoring programs" in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry by Peterson et al. Categories: Data; Tags: NA, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Wildlife Biology, biomonitoring, biota, All tags... contaminants, down feathers, ecotoxicology, feather variability, heavy metals, method development, wildlife toxicology, Fewer tags Phytoplankton data for samples collected at twelve large river sites throughout the United States, June through October 2019 This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Data Release provides phytoplankton data for samples collected from twelve large river sites throughout the United States, from June through October 2019. All data are reported as raw calculated values and are not rounded to USGS significant figures. The dataset includes all routine and quality assurance/quality control samples collected as part of a National Water Quality Assessment Project pilot study to describe cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin occurrence in the Nation's large rivers. Phytoplankton were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level with both abundance (reported as both natural units and cells) and biovolume reported. Categories: Data; Types: Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: Algae, Aquatic Biology, California, Chattahoochee River near Whitesburg, GA, Connecticut, All tags... Connecticut River at Thompsonville, CT, Contaminants, Cyanobacteria, Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, Division, Freshwater, Genus, Georgia, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), Harmful algal bloom, Hudson River near Poughkeepsie, NY, Indiana, Kansas, Kansas River at De Soto, KS, Limnology, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi River at Hastings, MN, Missouri, Missouri River at Hermann, MO, New Jersey, New York, Ohio River at Cannelton Dam at Cannelton, IN, Oregon, Phytoplankton, River, Sacramento River at Freeport, CA, Species, Susquehanna River at Conowingo, MD, Taxa, Taxonomy, Texas, Trinity River below Dallas, TX, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), USGS Station ID 01184000, USGS Station ID 01372043, USGS Station ID 01463500, USGS Station ID 01578310, USGS Station ID 02338000, USGS Station ID 03303280, USGS Station ID 05331580, USGS Station ID 06892350, USGS Station ID 06934500, USGS Station ID 08057410, USGS Station ID 11447650, USGS Station ID 14211720, United States, Water Quality, Water Quality, Willamette River at Portland, OR, water, Fewer tags Catalog of mine locations in Current and Historic Mining Activity documents for years 1993-2003 These catalogs serve to identify known locations of mineral extraction and exploration activities discussed for the purpose of eventually discovering these data through the Mines web map application. These tables of information will reduce data entry time through use of queries to generate records. They also help identify properties without a clear location for efficient discussion with the original authors. Categories: Collection, Data; Types: Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: CONTAMINANTS, Collection, Data, EARTH SCIENCE, EARTH SCIENCE, All tags... EARTH SCIENCE, EARTH SCIENCE, Idaho Geological Survey, METALS/MINERALS, MINERAL FORMATION, MINERALS, NON-METALLIC MINERAL FORMATION, NON-METALLIC MINERALS, NON-METALLIC MINERALS, ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS, ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS, ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS, SOLID EARTH, SOLID EARTH, SOLID EARTH, Science Keywords, Science Keywords, Science Keywords, Science Keywords, Science Keywords > EARTH SCIENCE > HUMAN DIMENSIONS, Science Keywords > EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS, TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE, WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY, idaho, mine, pending, report, Fewer tags Concentration of Bifenthrin in Adult Insects That Emerged from Mesocosms Direct and indirect ecological effects of the widely used insecticide bifenthrin on stream ecosystems are largely unknown. To investigate such effects, a manipulative experiment was conducted in stream mesocosms that were colonized by aquatic insect communities and exposed to bifenthrin-contaminated sediment; implications for natural streams were interpreted through comparison of mesocosm results to a survey of 100 Midwestern streams, USA. In the mesocosm experiment, direct effects of bifenthrin exposure included reduced larval macroinvertebrate abundance, richness, and biomass at concentrations (EC50s ranged 197.6 – 233.5 ng bifenthrin/ g organic carbon) previously thought safe for aquatic life. Indirect effects... Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, All tags... Michigan, Midwest United States, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, adult emergence, aquatic insect communities, aquatic-terrestrial linkages, bifenthrin, contaminants, mesocosm, pesticides, sediment quality, suspended sediment, trophic cascade, water quality, Fewer tags General Water Chemistry and Temperature Data from Mesocosms Exposed to Bifenthrin Direct and indirect ecological effects of the widely used insecticide bifenthrin on stream ecosystems are largely unknown. To investigate such effects, a manipulative experiment was conducted in stream mesocosms that were colonized by aquatic insect communities and exposed to bifenthrin-contaminated sediment; implications for natural streams were interpreted through comparison of mesocosm results to a survey of 100 Midwestern streams, USA. In the mesocosm experiment, direct effects of bifenthrin exposure included reduced larval macroinvertebrate abundance, richness, and biomass at concentrations (EC50s ranged 197.6 – 233.5 ng bifenthrin/ g organic carbon) previously thought safe for aquatic life. Indirect effects... Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, All tags... Michigan, Midwest United States, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, adult emergence, aquatic insect communities, aquatic-terrestrial linkages, bifenthrin, contaminants, mesocosm, pesticides, sediment quality, suspended sediment, trophic cascade, water quality, Fewer tags Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Brown Pelican in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (2013-2015) The datasets stored in this folder summarize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) reference data, and values collected from Brown Pelican nestlings and breeding adults from 2013-2015 in the Northern Gulf of Mexico at 9 breeding colonies from Texas to the Florida Panhandle. Evaluated PAH included 1,3-dimethylnaphthalene, 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene, 1-methylfluorene, 2,3,5-trimethylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 3-methylphenanthrene, 9-methylphenanthrene, Acenaphthalene, Acenapthene, Anthracene, Benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(g,h,i)perylene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Chrysene, Dibenz(a,h)anthracene, Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Naphthalene,... Categories: Data; Tags: Alabama, Brown Pelican, Contaminants, Florida, Gulf Of Mexico, All tags... Louisiana, Pelecanus occidentalis, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Texas, biota, Fewer tags Resource Management in a Changing Climate: Understanding the Relationships between Water Quality and Golden Alga Distribution in the Pecos River, New Mexico and Texas Our approach will include sampling a wide range of habitats and environmental conditions throughout the middle and lower Pecos River basin, across an 18 month time-span to account for seasonal and phenological events. We will utilize a suite of univariate and multivariate statistical techniques to relate occurrence and density of golden alga to environmental factors and other co-occurring organisms. The proposed research will benefit managers of the Pecos River, of its associated reservoirs and unique habitats (sinkholes on the Bottomless Lakes State Park and Bitter Lakes National Wildlife Refuge), and of its resident aquatic biota by identifying specific water quality attributes that promote golden alga bloom development... Categories: Data, Project; Types: Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: 2011, CONTAMINANTS, CONTAMINANTS, Data Acquisition and Development, Datasets/Database, All tags... Decision Support, Desert Landscape Conservation Cooperative, EARTH SCIENCE, EARTH SCIENCE, Federal resource managers, HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS (HABs), HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS (HABs), LCC, LCC Network Science Catalog, NM-02, New Mexico, Pecos River, Population & Habitat Evaluation/Projection, Presentation, Project, Publication, TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE, TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE, TX-23, Texas, United States, WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY, WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY, algae, biota, completed, water, Fewer tags Protein Phosphatase 2A screening of extracted sediments for samples collected for the Sediment-Bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response Strategy pilot study, northeastern United States, 2015 Coastal communities are uniquely vulnerable to sea-level rise and severe storms such as hurricanes. These events enhance the dispersion and concentration of natural and anthropogenic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms that could adversely affect the health and resilience of coastal communities and ecosystems in subsequent years. The U.S. Geological Survey has developed the Sediment-Bound Contaminant Resiliency and Response (SCoRR) strategy to define baseline and post-event sediment-bound environmental health stressors. These data document the results from protein phosphatase 2A screening of extracts for selected stations in the northeastern U.S. during the 2015 pilot implementation of the SCoRR strategy in... Categories: Data; Tags: Assessment, Coastal, Connecticut, Contaminants, Delaware, All tags... District of Columbia, Environmental Health, Geochemistry, Geography, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, PP2A, Pennsylvania, Protein phosphatase inhibition, Rhode Island, Soil Sciences, South Carolina, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Virginia, chemical analysis, contamination, environmental health, field monitoring stations, field sampling, pollution, sediment analysis, Fewer tags Catalog of mine locations in Current and Historic Mining Activity documents for years 1993-2003 These catalogs serve to identify known locations of mineral extraction and exploration activities discussed for the purpose of eventually discovering these data through the Mines web map application. These tables of information will reduce data entry time through use of queries to generate records. They also help identify properties without a clear location for efficient discussion with the original authors. Categories: Collection, Data; Tags: CONTAMINANTS, Collection, Data, EARTH SCIENCE, EARTH SCIENCE, All tags... EARTH SCIENCE, EARTH SCIENCE, Idaho Geological Survey, METALS/MINERALS, MINERAL FORMATION, MINERALS, NON-METALLIC MINERAL FORMATION, NON-METALLIC MINERALS, NON-METALLIC MINERALS, ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS, ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS, ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS, SOLID EARTH, SOLID EARTH, SOLID EARTH, Science Keywords, Science Keywords, Science Keywords, Science Keywords, Science Keywords > EARTH SCIENCE > HUMAN DIMENSIONS, Science Keywords > EARTH SCIENCE > SOLID EARTH > ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS, TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE, WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY, idaho, mine, pending, report, Fewer tags Golden Alga Distribution and Water Quality REPORT PROJECT BACKGROUND: Golden alga (Prymnesium parvum) is a harmful algal species that is primarily found in marine ecosystems but is also present and invasive in brackish inland waters. The first documented bloom of golden alga in the United States occurred in the Pecos River in 1985. This species has since invaded other water bodies in the Pecos River basin (e.g. sinkhole habitats, reservoirs) and has been reported in at least 23 U.S. states. Toxins produced by golden alga can be lethal to fishes, bivalves, crayfish, and gilled amphibians. The ecological and economical impacts of golden alga blooms have been severe. Recent research suggests that the frequency and severity of golden alga blooms will increase... Categories: Data; Types: Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: 2011, CONTAMINANTS, CONTAMINANTS, Data Acquisition and Development, Data.gov Desert LCC, All tags... Datasets/Database, Decision Support, EARTH SCIENCE, EARTH SCIENCE, Federal resource managers, HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS (HABs), HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS (HABs), LCC Network Science Catalog, NM-02, New Mexico, Pecos River, Population & Habitat Evaluation/Projection, Presentation, Publication, Report, TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE, TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE, TX-23, Texas, United States, WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY, WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY, algae, biota, completed, product, water, Fewer tags Final Bulk Sediment Concentrations of Bifenthrin from Mesocosms Direct and indirect ecological effects of the widely used insecticide bifenthrin on stream ecosystems are largely unknown. To investigate such effects, a manipulative experiment was conducted in stream mesocosms that were colonized by aquatic insect communities and exposed to bifenthrin-contaminated sediment; implications for natural streams were interpreted through comparison of mesocosm results to a survey of 100 Midwestern streams, USA. In the mesocosm experiment, direct effects of bifenthrin exposure included reduced larval macroinvertebrate abundance, richness, and biomass at concentrations (EC50s ranged 197.6 – 233.5 ng bifenthrin/ g organic carbon) previously thought safe for aquatic life. Indirect effects... Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, All tags... Michigan, Midwest United States, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, adult emergence, aquatic insect communities, aquatic-terrestrial linkages, bifenthrin, contaminants, mesocosm, pesticides, sediment quality, suspended sediment, trophic cascade, water quality, Fewer tags Mercury concentrations and isotopic compositions in biota and sediments from the Hannibal Pool of the Ohio River The Hannibal Pool of the Ohio River is heavily industrialized and receives direct effluent discharges from coal power plants, chlor-alkali plants, and sewage treatment facilities. Mercury (Hg) is a contaminant of concern due to the risk of bioaccumulation at wildlife refuges also located within this region. Mercury concentrations and isotopes compositions were measured to assess the levels and source of Hg contamination, respectively within the system. Sediments and waters were measured to define isotopic end members within Hannibal Pool. Heelsplitter mussels, zebra mussels, and prey fish were also analyzed to determine if Hg source signatures were conserved within the food web. These data are a part of a larger... Categories: Data; Tags: Ecology, Geochemistry, Hannibal Pool, Ohio River, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), All tags... Wheeling, WV, bioaccumulation, conservation, contaminants, mercury, Fewer tags Biological Responses to Increasing Water Temperatures in Lakes of the Barrow/Atqasuk Focus Watershed: An Interdisciplinary Bioenergetics and Contamina There is currently have a very poor understanding of how climate change will affect food web structure and mercury accumulation in lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. In this study, researchers are addressing this knowledge gap by adopting a space-for-time approach. Fish and food web ecology, and mercury accumulation patterns, are being investigated in several lakes that represent a gradient in temperature/ice phenology of up to two ice-free weeks and 10°C. They are also comparing food web structure and rates of mercury biomagnification among the lakes, and relating these to several climate variables. Finally, they are relating past trends in mercury accumulation in lake sediments to indices of lake productivity... Categories: Data, Project; Types: Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: Academics & scientific researchers, BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, CONTAMINANTS, CONTAMINANTS, All tags... Conservation Design, Federal resource managers, LAKES, LAKES, LCC Network Science Catalog, PERMAFROST MELT, PERMAFROST MELT, Project, SEDIMENTATION, SEDIMENTATION, Tribes, climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere, climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere, environment, environment, onGoing, Fewer tags Mercury Exposure in Piscivorous Birds at the Carson River (NV) Superfund Site, 1997-2006: egg data The persistence and degree of mercury contamination of the lower Carson River system (LCRS) have led to placement of a portion of the Carson River Basin (including Lahontan Reservoir) on the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Priorities List ("Superfund") for research and cleanup. The potential toxicity of mercury concentrations within the LCRS to piscivorous birds (snowy egrets, black-crowned night-herons, and double-crested cormorants) was examined from 1997-2006. This data set supports the following publications: Henny, C.J., Hill, E.F., Grove, R.A., Kaiser, J.L., 2007, Mercury and drought along the lower Carson River, Nevada- I. Snowy egret and black-crowned night-heron annual exposure to mercury,... Categories: Data; Types: Citation; Tags: Carson Lake, Carson River, Egretta thula, Lahontan Reservoir, Nevada, All tags... Nycticorax nycticorax, Phalacrocorax auritus, USA, black-crowned night-heron, contaminants, double-crested cormorant, drought, histopathology, mercury, methyl mercury, mining, piscivory, reproduction, snowy egret, total mercury, water discharge, Fewer tags 1 2 »