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Source profiles (fractional mass abundances and uncertainties) for use in chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment are reported for soil dust from unpaved roads and desert lands. The objectives were to add to the library of source composition profiles available for CMB studies, and to provide data on the variation in wind-blown dust composition between particle sizes and geographical locations. Samples were resuspended and sampled through PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 inlets onto filters, then chemically analyzed for 40 elements, seven ions and eight carbon fractions. Air quality management would benefit from technology that can distinguish soil dust from sites in different geographical locations and sites with different...
Source profiles (fractional mass abundances and uncertainties) for use in chemical mass balance (CMB) source apportionment are reported for soil dust from unpaved roads and desert lands. The objectives were to add to the library of source composition profiles available for CMB studies, and to provide data on the variation in wind-blown dust composition between particle sizes and geographical locations. Samples were resuspended and sampled through PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 inlets onto filters, then chemically analyzed for 40 elements, seven ions and eight carbon fractions. Air quality management would benefit from technology that can distinguish soil dust from sites in different geographical locations and sites with different...
We evaluate the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas obtained by highvolume hydraulic fracturing from shale formations, focusing on methane emissions. Natural gas is composed largely of methane, and 3.6% to 7.9% of the methane from shale-gas production escapes to the atmosphere in venting and leaks over the lifetime of a well. These methane emissions are at least 30% more than and perhaps more than twice as great as those from conventional gas. The higher emissions from shale gas occur at the time wells are hydraulically fractured—as methane escapes from flow-back return fluids—and during drill out following the fracturing. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential that is far greater...