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The Spring Mountains are critical habitat for the Spring Mountains mule deer herd in southern Nevada. The Spring Mountains west of Las Vegas, Nevada range in elevation from low meadows at 3,000 ft (910 m) to Charleston Peak at nearly 12,000 ft (3,632 m). Lower elevations are dominated by desert scrub and shrubland transitioning to Yucca brevifolia (Joshua tree) and pinyon-juniper forest at midelevations, with mixed montane conifer including ponderosa pine and Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) pine at higher elevations, and sparse alpine grasses and forbs above the tree line. The migratory behavior of the Spring Mountains mule deer herd is variable, with a mix of year-round residents and short-distance elevational...
The Paunsaugunt Plateau in southern Utah is home to around 5,200 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Ongoing research by the Utah DWR has continued to shape our understanding of their annual migration. In contrast to the Volume 1 report (Kauffman et al. 2020), the Paunsaugunt Herd in this Volume includes the addition of 25 individual mule deer, 127 migrations, and 161 winter range sequences. Beginning in early October the mule deer migrate south an average of 36 mi (58 km) to winter range along the Utah-Arizona border. Approximately 20–30 percent of the Paunsaugunt Plateau herd reside in northern Arizona during the winter, sharing winter range also used by deer from Arizona’s Kaibab Plateau herd. Beginning around mid-April,...
The Doyle mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) herd migrates from a winter range in Honey Lake Valley and Upper Long Valley near Doyle, California along US Highway 395 in Lassen County, California and eastward into Plumas County and Plumas National Forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains for the summer. Winter range also exists on the Nevada side of the border in Washoe County. Much of the winter range habitat is now deteriorated, lacking vegetation that historically provided forage. Highway 395 is a major barrier to migration, with hundreds of deer being killed annually trying to cross it. Population estimates were ~15,600 in 2019. These data provide the location of migration corridors for mule deer in the Doyle population...
The Loyalton mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) herd winters west and northwest of Reno, Nevada along the California-Nevada border, extending into the Peterson Mountains, east of Highway 395 in Nevada. A portion of the herd also winters north of I-80 on Peavine Mountain in Nevada. This population represents an interstate migratory herd but also contains year-round residents in both states. Deer migrate southwest into the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California on both sides of Highway 89 from Truckee to Sierraville, mostly staying north of I-80 and into the Tahoe National Forest. Significant challenges include urban development, vehicle collisions on Highways 89, 395, and I80, and large-scale wildfires that have burned...
The San Francisco Peaks elk (Cervus canadensis) herd comprises a migratory portion of the larger herd units in Arizona’s Game Management Units (GMU) 7 and 9. GMU 7 and 9 had a combined population estimate of 5,200 in 2019. These data were generated from two elk research projects by the Arizona Game & Fish Department: one to assess elk-vehicle collisions on Interstate 40 (Gagnon et al. 2012) and the other to evaluate aerial survey methods for elk abundance (Bristow et al. 2019). While many of the elk reside in the same general areas year-round, the migratory portion of this herd migrates an average of 42 miles between summer and winter range. Summer range, primarily in GMU 7, consists of high elevation open meadows...
The winter range of the West Goose Lake Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) sub-herd is located north of Alturas and west of Highway 395 within the Devil’s Garden Ranger District of the Modoc National Forest. This area is characterized by juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) woodlands, and sagebrush flats with some stands of lodgepole (Pinus contorta) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) throughout flat, rocky terrain. From this area, a portion of the herd migrates approximately 50 miles north into Oregon’s Fremont National Forest, habitat that primarily consists of lodgepole and ponderosa pine forests. Minimal barriers exist along this migration route since the corridor primarily occurs on land managed by...
The East Shasta Valley sub-herd of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) spend most of their time on private ranchlands in Shasta Valley in the winter. This area offers patches of oak woodlands and grasslands on gentle slopes. In the spring, elk migrate to their summer range around Grass Lake, Bull Meadows, and Deer Mountain where the habitat is primarily characterized by mixed conifer timber stands of Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The meadows around Grass Lake seem especially important to this sub-herd, as neonatal calves have been documented in this area since at least 1984 (Fischer 1987). Some animals from this sub-herd migrate...
Migratory mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) within the San Joaquin Watershed occupy most of the watershed above Kerckhoff Reservoir, Fresno and Madera Counties, California. Human infrastructure in the watershed is widespread and includes residential, water control, hydroelectric power, and recreational use developments. Steep topography between winter and summer range limit crossing points along the San Joaquin River. Habitat conditions favoring deer declined from a peak around 1950, resulting in a reduction in the deer population. The current deer population is believed to be about 4,000. A massive wildfire burned through most of the watershed in 2020, dramatically changing habitat conditions in some areas. These...
A significant portion of the interstate Carson River herd summers in the Sierra Nevada range of California and migrates to a winter range near the California-Nevada border. Herd size has declined significantly (>70%) from historical peak levels, likely due to habitat loss and vehicle collisions. A large increase in housing development and traffic along the Highway 395 corridor during the past 20 years has contributed to population declines for this herd. Significant barriers include fencing along Carson River and outlying suburban areas in Carson City, Minden, and Gardnerville, Nevada. These data provide the location of migration corridors for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Carson River population in California...
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The Crow Mesa Mule Deer Study was initiated in 2019 to identify the seasonal movement and distribution patterns of mule deer in the eastern half of Game Management Unit (GMU) 2C. This GPS study builds on nearby studies of mule deer and elk conducted by the Bureau of Land Management, the Southern Ute Tribe, the Jicarilla Apache Nation, and the New Mexico Department of Fish and Game. Migration corridors extended 20 to 75 miles from the winter ranges in GMU 2C to various summer ranges northeast to the Carson National Forest near Chama, and southeast to the San Pedro Parks Wilderness in the Santa Fe National Forest. The Crow Mesa herd relies largely on winter ranges administered by the Bureau of Land Management, where...
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The Grizzly Flat herd winters in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada near Grizzly Flats, California. The winter range includes conifer, vineyards, and oak woodland that is shared with a resident portion of the herd on a mix of private and public lands. In the spring, the Grizzly Flat herd migrates east to higher elevation terrain in the El Dorado National Forest, staying south of Interstate 50 and primarily north of U.S. Highway 88, to the crest of the Sierra Nevada. The summer range contains primarily mixed conifer opening up to high alpine granite near the crest of the Sierra Nevada. Although the population size of the Grizzly Flat herd is unknown due to limited surveys, it is considered stable to declining,...
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The Siskiyou mule deer herd migrates from winter ranges primarily north and east of Mount Shasta (i.e., Day Bench, Lake Shastina, Montague, Mount Dome, Mount Hebron, Sheep-Mahogany Mountain, Tionesta, and Wild Horse Mountain) to sprawling summer ranges scattered between the Mount Shasta Wilderness in the west and the Burnt Lava Flow Geological Area in the east. A small percentage of the herd are residents, residing largely within winter ranges across the central and northeast areas of the herd’s annual distribution. The total population size of the Siskiyou herd is unknown, but adult deer densities averaged 6.01 deer per km2 on summer ranges in 2017 and 5.16 deer per km2 on winter ranges in 2019 (Wittmer and others,...
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The Crow Mesa Mule Deer Study was initiated in 2019 to identify the seasonal movement and distribution patterns of mule deer in the eastern half of Game Management Unit (GMU) 2C. This GPS study builds on nearby studies of mule deer and elk conducted by the Bureau of Land Management, the Southern Ute Tribe, the Jicarilla Apache Nation, and the New Mexico Department of Fish and Game. Migration corridors extended 20 to 75 miles from the winter ranges in GMU 2C to various summer ranges northeast to the Carson National Forest near Chama, and southeast to the San Pedro Parks Wilderness in the Santa Fe National Forest. The Crow Mesa herd relies largely on winter ranges administered by the Bureau of Land Management, where...
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The Pend Oreille elk sub-herd is part of the larger Selkirk elk herd located in northeast Washington on nine Game Management Units (GMU; GMUs 101, 105, 108, 111, 113, 117, 121, 124, and 204). Elk used in this analysis were collared in GMUs 117 and 121 on winter ranges located east and west of the Huckleberry Mountain Range, along the Colville River Valley that splits the two GMUs, and west of the Pend Oreille River. In this area, private landowners manage 77 percent of the land (primarily for timber), the U.S. Forest Service manages 16 percent, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Natural Resources, and Bureau of Land Management manage the remaining 7 percent. Montane conifer forests dominate the...
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The Chelan mule deer herd occupies a mix of private and public lands from the Columbia River to the crest of the Cascade Range in central Washington. U.S. Highway 2, northwest of Wenatchee, Washington, serves as the southern boundary for this herd and Lake Chelan bounds the northern edge. The high-use winter range includes the southeastern shore of Lake Chelan, the breaks of the Columbia River, the lower Entiat River drainage, and the foothills east of Cashmere, Washington. In the spring, migratory individuals travel northwest into the Entiat and Chelan Mountains to their summer ranges, such as regional Wilderness areas. A small sample of Chelan mule deer was captured near the Swakane Wildlife Area in January 2020...
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The Selkirk White-tailed Deer Management Zone (WDMZ) is home to the largest population of white-tailed deer in the state and consists of seven Game Management Units (GMU; GMUs 105, 108, 111, 113, 117, 121, and 124) located in northeast Washington. Aside from the southern portion of GMU 124, dominated by the metropolitan area of Spokane, Washington, most of these GMUs have similar rural characteristics. Private landowners manage most of the Selkirk WDMZ (77 percent), primarily for commercial timber harvest. The U.S. Forest Service manages 16 percent of the land, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Natural Resources, and Bureau of Land Management manage the remaining 7 percent. White-tailed deer...
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Mule deer in the Izzenhood herd are part of a larger population known in Nevada as the “Area 6” mule deer population. They primarily reside on winter ranges in the Izzenhood Basin and upper Rock Creek drainages in western Elko County and northern Lander County. From their winter range, mule deer in this sub population migrate approximately 70 miles to summer ranges in the northern Independence Mountains and Bull Run Basin area. Some of the most important stopover areas are located near upper Rock Creek, Toe Jam Mountain, and Chicken Creek Summit. Challenges to this deer herd include past wildfires on winter range, conversion of native shrub habitats to exotic annual grasses, and lower primary production in some...
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Mule deer in the Izzenhood herd are part of a larger population known in Nevada as the “Area 6” mule deer population. They primarily reside on winter ranges in the Izzenhood Basin and upper Rock Creek drainages in western Elko County and northern Lander County. From their winter range, mule deer in this sub population migrate approximately 70 miles to summer ranges in the northern Independence Mountains and Bull Run Basin area. Some of the most important stopover areas are located near upper Rock Creek, Toe Jam Mountain, and Chicken Creek Summit. Challenges to this deer herd include past wildfires on winter range, conversion of native shrub habitats to exotic annual grasses, and lower primary production in some...
The Sublette herd is the largest moose population in Wyoming, numbering approximately 1,800 individuals. This herd winters among the willow-dominated floodplains of the Green River Basin, primarily the eastern foothills of the Wyoming Range; some animals winter also in the Hoback Basin. As a partially migratory population, approximately half of the moose are resident, while migratory individuals travel short distances (14 miles on average, max 45 miles) primarily to tributaries of the Green and Hoback rivers. During spring, most migration routes originate on private ranchlands within the expansive willow bottoms of Beaver, Horse, Cottonwood, and Piney Creeks, as well as the aspen-conifer forests of the Hoback Basin....
Mule deer in the southern Wyoming Range population winter north of Evanston in the relatively low mountains between Kemmerer, Wyoming, and Woodruff Narrows Reservoir along the Utah border. Many deer in this population migrate north more than 100 mi (161 km) to summer ranges in the Wyoming Range surrounding Afton, Wyoming. Migrations in this population are not limited to Wyoming, with at least one deer summering in the Caribou Range in Idaho. Challenges for this population include highway and train mortality, especially along U.S. Highway 30. A number of highway underpasses were constructed between 2001 and 2008 along U.S. Highway 30 at Nugget Canyon, which has significantly reduced vehicle-caused mortality. These...
map background search result map search result map Migration Corridors of Mule Deer in the Izzenhood Herd in Nevada Winter Ranges of Mule Deer in the Izzenhood Herd in Nevada Migration Routes of Moose in the Pinedale Herd in Wyoming Migration Routes of Mule Deer in the Wyoming Range South Population in Wyoming Migration Routes of Mule Deer in the Upper San Joaquin Watershed Herd in California Migration Corridors of Elk in the San Francisco Peaks Herd in Arizona Migration Stopovers of Elk in the East Shasta Valley Herd in California Migration Stopovers of Elk in the West Goose Lake Herd in California Migration Corridors of Mule Deer in the Carson River Herd in California and Nevada Migration Corridors of Mule Deer in the Doyle Herd in California Winter Ranges of Mule Deer in the Loyalton Herd in California and Nevada Winter Ranges of Mule Deer in the Paunsaugunt Herd in Utah California Mule Deer Grizzly Flat Winter Range California Mule Deer Siskiyou Corridors New Mexico Mule Deer Crow Mesa/2C Corridors New Mexico Mule Deer Crow Mesa/2C Stopovers Washington Elk Pend Oreille Stopovers Washington Mule Deer Chelan Winter Range Washington White-Tailed Deer Selkirk Stopovers Nevada Mule Deer Spring Mountains Routes Washington Mule Deer Chelan Winter Range California Mule Deer Grizzly Flat Winter Range Winter Ranges of Mule Deer in the Loyalton Herd in California and Nevada Nevada Mule Deer Spring Mountains Routes Migration Routes of Mule Deer in the Upper San Joaquin Watershed Herd in California Migration Corridors of Elk in the San Francisco Peaks Herd in Arizona Winter Ranges of Mule Deer in the Paunsaugunt Herd in Utah Migration Corridors of Mule Deer in the Doyle Herd in California Migration Stopovers of Elk in the East Shasta Valley Herd in California Migration Routes of Moose in the Pinedale Herd in Wyoming Washington Elk Pend Oreille Stopovers Winter Ranges of Mule Deer in the Izzenhood Herd in Nevada Migration Stopovers of Elk in the West Goose Lake Herd in California Migration Corridors of Mule Deer in the Carson River Herd in California and Nevada Washington White-Tailed Deer Selkirk Stopovers New Mexico Mule Deer Crow Mesa/2C Stopovers New Mexico Mule Deer Crow Mesa/2C Corridors Migration Corridors of Mule Deer in the Izzenhood Herd in Nevada California Mule Deer Siskiyou Corridors Migration Routes of Mule Deer in the Wyoming Range South Population in Wyoming