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Filters Date Range Past year (8) Past month (3) Past week (0) Past day (0) Custom range... To   Search Contacts Travis W Nauman U.S. Geological Survey Michael C Duniway Jacob A Fleck Angela M Hansen More... Categories Data (16) Data Release - Revised (1) Tag Types Theme (34) Place (33) USGS Scientific Topic Keyword (16) Harvest Set (17) Tag Schemes None (25) Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) (19) USGS Biocomplexity Thesaurus (18) USGS Thesaurus (28) ISO 19115 Topic Categories (19) Common geographic areas (4) ISO 19115 Topic Category (8) More... View Results as: JSON ATOM CSV

Analyzing Heterogeneity in Artificially Matured Samples of Bakken Shales (2018) Solid organic matter (OM) in sedimentary rocks produces petroleum and solid bitumen when it undergoes thermal maturation. The solid OM is a 'geomacromolecule', usually representing a mixture of various organisms with distinct biogenic origins, and can have high heterogeneity in composition. Programmed pyrolysis is a common conventional method to reveal bulk geochemical characteristics of the dominant OM while detailed organic petrography is required to reveal information about the biogenic origin of contributing macerals. Despite advantages of programmed pyrolysis, it cannot provide information about the heterogeneity of chemical compositions present in the individual OM types. Therefore, other analytical techniques... Categories: Data; Tags: Energy Resources, Heterogeneity, Maturation rate, Montana, North Dakota, All tags... Organic matter, Pyrolysis, Raman spectroscopy, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Fewer tags Phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, calcium, pH, and dissolved oxygen data from incubations of Colorado River water and sediment and associated ambient river water measurements Lake Powell retains most of the phosphorus that it receives, leading to downstream phosphorus limitation. These data were compiled to examine controls on phosphorus cycling below Lake Powell in the Colorado River and from storm inputs from the Paria River. Objectives of our study were to determine how several forms of phosphorus, both organic and inorganic, were cycled under varying dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH, reflecting the range of values observed in the river over the years. These data represent nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and carbon concentrations, water quality parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature), sediment composition, total protein, and extracellular enzyme activity (alkaline phosphatase).... Categories: Data; Tags: Aquatic Biology, Arizona, Colorado River, Ecology, Geochemistry, All tags... Geography, Glen Canyon, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, Hydrology, Information Sciences, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Lake Powell, Lees Ferry, Limnology, Little Colorado River, Paria River, Pearce Ferry, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), alkaline earth elements, alkaline phosphatase, atomic emission spectroscopy, biochemistry, biota, bulk density, calcite, calcium carbonate, carbon, chemical analysis, chemical attributes, dam, data release, dissolved oxygen concentrations, dissolved oxygen optodes, dissolved phosphorus concentrations, environment, extracellular enzyme activity, field experiments, freshwater ecosystems, incubations, inductively coupled plasma, inlandWaters, laboratory bottle incubations, laboratory experiments, nitrogen, nutrient content (water), nutrient cycling, organic matter, oxygen content (water), phosphorus, phosphorus content, phosphorus cycling, river systems, river water quality, riverine phosphorus cycling, sediment composition, suspended material (water), tailwater, total dissolved nitrogen, total phosphorus concentrations, total protein analysis, unconsolidated deposits, water chemistry, water chemistry data, water pH, water quality, water quality sonde, water samples, water temperature, Fewer tags Predictive soil property map: Sodium adsorption ratio These data were compiled to demonstrate new predictive mapping approaches and provide comprehensive gridded 30-meter resolution soil property maps for the Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam. Random forest models related environmental raster layers representing soil forming factors with field samples to render predictive maps that interpolate between sample locations. Maps represented soil pH, texture fractions (sand, silt clay, fine sand, very fine sand), rock, electrical conductivity (ec), gypsum, CaCO3, sodium adsorption ratio (sar), available water capacity (awc), bulk density (dbovendry), erodibility (kwfact), and organic matter (om) at 7 depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm) as well as depth to restrictive... Tags: Arizona, Colorado, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam, All tags... Hoover Dam, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, accuracy and error estimated, available water capacity, bulk density, calcium carbonate, digital soil mapping, electrical conductivity, environmental conditions, environmental raster layers, erodibility, geoscientificInformation, gypsum, interpolate, machine learning, maps and atlases, organic matter, predicitve modeling, predictive mapping, predictive maps, random forest models, random forests, restrictive layer, rock, sodium adsorption ratio, soil conductivity, soil density, soil forming factors, soil pH, soil properties, soil property maps, soil sciences, soil texture, soils, surface rock cover, surface rock size, texture fractions, uncertainty, Fewer tags Predictive soil property map: Very fine sand content These data were compiled to demonstrate new predictive mapping approaches and provide comprehensive gridded 30-meter resolution soil property maps for the Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam. Random forest models related environmental raster layers representing soil forming factors with field samples to render predictive maps that interpolate between sample locations. Maps represented soil pH, texture fractions (sand, silt clay, fine sand, very fine sand), rock, electrical conductivity (ec), gypsum, CaCO3, sodium adsorption ratio (sar), available water capacity (awc), bulk density (dbovendry), erodibility (kwfact), and organic matter (om) at 7 depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm) as well as depth to restrictive... Tags: Arizona, Colorado, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam, All tags... Hoover Dam, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, accuracy and error estimated, available water capacity, bulk density, calcium carbonate, digital soil mapping, electrical conductivity, environmental conditions, environmental raster layers, erodibility, geoscientificInformation, gypsum, interpolate, machine learning, maps and atlases, organic matter, predicitve modeling, predictive mapping, predictive maps, random forest models, random forests, restrictive layer, rock, sodium adsorption ratio, soil conductivity, soil density, soil forming factors, soil pH, soil properties, soil property maps, soil sciences, soil texture, soils, surface rock cover, surface rock size, texture fractions, uncertainty, Fewer tags Predictive soil property map: Organic matter These data were compiled to demonstrate new predictive mapping approaches and provide comprehensive gridded 30-meter resolution soil property maps for the Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam. Random forest models related environmental raster layers representing soil forming factors with field samples to render predictive maps that interpolate between sample locations. Maps represented soil pH, texture fractions (sand, silt clay, fine sand, very fine sand), rock, electrical conductivity (ec), gypsum, CaCO3, sodium adsorption ratio (sar), available water capacity (awc), bulk density (dbovendry), erodibility (kwfact), and organic matter (om) at 7 depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm) as well as depth to restrictive... Tags: Arizona, Colorado, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam, All tags... Hoover Dam, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, accuracy and error estimated, available water capacity, bulk density, calcium carbonate, digital soil mapping, electrical conductivity, environmental conditions, environmental raster layers, erodibility, geoscientificInformation, gypsum, interpolate, machine learning, maps and atlases, organic matter, predicitve modeling, predictive mapping, predictive maps, random forest models, random forests, restrictive layer, rock, sodium adsorption ratio, soil conductivity, soil density, soil forming factors, soil pH, soil properties, soil property maps, soil sciences, soil texture, soils, surface rock cover, surface rock size, texture fractions, uncertainty, Fewer tags Evaluation of pore-like features in sedimentary organic matter Research examining organic-matter hosted porosity has significantly increased during the last ten years due to greater focus on understanding hydrocarbon migration and storage in source-rock reservoirs, and technological advances in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) capabilities. The examination of nanometer-scale organic-matter hosted porosity by SEM requires the preparation of exceptionally flat geologic samples beyond the abilities of traditional mechanical polishing which can deform or otherwise obscure organic surfaces. To meet this demand, broad ion beam (BIB) milling was introduced as a sample preparation technique for SEM petrographic analysis of geologic samples. But like with any sample preparation technique,... Categories: Data; Tags: Colorado, Energy Resources, England, Geochemistry, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), All tags... Utah, broad ion beam milling, organic matter, pore-like features, preparation artifacts, solid bitumen, Fewer tags Optical measurements for surface water samples collected within the Neshaminy Creek basin during November 2021 Here we report optical data collected as part of a collaborative study between USGS Pennsylvania Water Science Center, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and Water Mission Area Proxies Project. The optical measurements reported here were collected to aide in the characterization of water sources and mixtures and establish proxies (surrogates) for per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances within the Neshaminy Creek basin. Data are compiled into three tables: 1) full fluorescence spectra in vectorized format, 2) full absorbance spectra, and 3) summary file of commonly extracted optical indicators and field-based sensor arrays. Categories: Data; Tags: California, California Water Science Center, Environmental Health, Geochemistry, Organic Matter Research Lab, All tags... Sacramento, TDN, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Water Quality, Water Resources, absorbance, environment, fDOM, fluorescence, organic matter, total dissolved nitrogen, water quality, Fewer tags Predictive soil property map: Rock content (>2mm) These data were compiled to demonstrate new predictive mapping approaches and provide comprehensive gridded 30-meter resolution soil property maps for the Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam. Random forest models related environmental raster layers representing soil forming factors with field samples to render predictive maps that interpolate between sample locations. Maps represented soil pH, texture fractions (sand, silt clay, fine sand, very fine sand), rock, electrical conductivity (ec), gypsum, CaCO3, sodium adsorption ratio (sar), available water capacity (awc), bulk density (dbovendry), erodibility (kwfact), and organic matter (om) at 7 depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm) as well as depth to restrictive... Tags: Arizona, Colorado, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam, All tags... Hoover Dam, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, accuracy and error estimated, available water capacity, bulk density, calcium carbonate, digital soil mapping, electrical conductivity, environmental conditions, environmental raster layers, erodibility, geoscientificInformation, gypsum, interpolate, machine learning, maps and atlases, organic matter, predicitve modeling, predictive mapping, predictive maps, random forest models, random forests, restrictive layer, rock, sodium adsorption ratio, soil conductivity, soil density, soil forming factors, soil pH, soil properties, soil property maps, soil sciences, soil texture, soils, surface rock cover, surface rock size, texture fractions, uncertainty, Fewer tags Predictive soil property map: Gypsum content These data were compiled to demonstrate new predictive mapping approaches and provide comprehensive gridded 30-meter resolution soil property maps for the Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam. Random forest models related environmental raster layers representing soil forming factors with field samples to render predictive maps that interpolate between sample locations. Maps represented soil pH, texture fractions (sand, silt clay, fine sand, very fine sand), rock, electrical conductivity (ec), gypsum, CaCO3, sodium adsorption ratio (sar), available water capacity (awc), bulk density (dbovendry), erodibility (kwfact), and organic matter (om) at 7 depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm) as well as depth to restrictive... Tags: Arizona, Colorado, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam, All tags... Hoover Dam, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, accuracy and error estimated, available water capacity, bulk density, calcium carbonate, digital soil mapping, electrical conductivity, environmental conditions, environmental raster layers, erodibility, geoscientificInformation, gypsum, interpolate, machine learning, maps and atlases, organic matter, predicitve modeling, predictive mapping, predictive maps, random forest models, random forests, restrictive layer, rock, sodium adsorption ratio, soil conductivity, soil density, soil forming factors, soil pH, soil properties, soil property maps, soil sciences, soil texture, soils, surface rock cover, surface rock size, texture fractions, uncertainty, Fewer tags Fluorescence sensor measurements in sediment suspensions to evaluate turbidity corrections The use of field-deployable fluorescence sensors to better understand dissolved organic matter concentrations and composition has grown immensely in recent years. Applications of these sensors to critical monitoring efforts have also grown to encompass post-fire monitoring, wastewater tracking, and use as a proxy for various contaminants. Despite the growth, it is well known that these sensors are subject to various interferences and require corrections for temperature, turbidity, and concentration effects. Although temperature corrections are widely applicable across sensors, the turbidity and concentration corrections can be site-specific and/or sensor-specific. The corrections can even be subject to changes in... Categories: Data; Tags: DOC, USGS California Water Science Center, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Water Quality, biota, All tags... continuous monitoring, dissolved organic carbon, fDOM, fluorescence, high frequency, in situ, optical sensor, organic matter, standard solution, turbidity, water quality, Fewer tags Predictive soil property map: Clay content These data were compiled to demonstrate new predictive mapping approaches and provide comprehensive gridded 30-meter resolution soil property maps for the Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam. Random forest models related environmental raster layers representing soil forming factors with field samples to render predictive maps that interpolate between sample locations. Maps represented soil pH, texture fractions (sand, silt clay, fine sand, very fine sand), rock, electrical conductivity (ec), gypsum, CaCO3, sodium adsorption ratio (sar), available water capacity (awc), bulk density (dbovendry), erodibility (kwfact), and organic matter (om) at 7 depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm) as well as depth to restrictive... Tags: Arizona, Colorado, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam, All tags... Hoover Dam, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, accuracy and error estimated, available water capacity, bulk density, calcium carbonate, digital soil mapping, electrical conductivity, environmental conditions, environmental raster layers, erodibility, geoscientificInformation, gypsum, interpolate, machine learning, maps and atlases, organic matter, predicitve modeling, predictive mapping, predictive maps, random forest models, random forests, restrictive layer, rock, sodium adsorption ratio, soil conductivity, soil density, soil forming factors, soil pH, soil properties, soil property maps, soil sciences, soil texture, soils, surface rock cover, surface rock size, texture fractions, uncertainty, Fewer tags Atomic Force Microscopy-based Infrared Spectroscopy Data within Immature Eagle Ford Shale at the Nanometer-scale The nanoscale molecular composition of kerogen is a challenging parameter to characterize given the chemical and structural complexity exhibited by this important biopolymer. However, kerogen composition will strongly impact its reactivity and so is a critical parameter to understand petroleum generation processes during kerogen catagenesis. The recent advent of tip-enhanced analytical methods, such as atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), has allowed for the major compositional features of kerogen to be elucidated at spatial resolutions at or below 50 nm. Here we apply AFM-IR to examine inertinite, an important kerogen maceral type, from an immature Eagle Ford Shale sample. Our data show... Categories: Data; Tags: Atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), Energy Resources, Geochemistry, Organic matter, Shale, All tags... Texas, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Unconventional Oil and Gas, Fewer tags Nanoscale Molecular Composition of Solid Bitumen from the Eagle Ford Group Across a Natural Thermal Maturity Gradient Solid bitumen is a petrographically-defined secondary organic matter residue produced during petroleum generation and subsequent oil transformation. The presence of solid bitumen impacts many shale reservoir properties including porosity, permeability, and hydrocarbon generation and storage, amongst others. Furthermore, solid bitumen reflectance is an important parameter for assessing the thermal maturity of formations with little to no vitrinite. While the molecular composition of solid bitumen will strongly impact associated parameters such as the development of organic matter porosity, hydrocarbon generation, and optical reflectance, assessing the molecular composition of solid bitumen in situ within shale reservoirs... Categories: Data; Tags: Energy Resources, Geochemistry, Oil and gas resources, Organic matter, Shale, All tags... USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Unconventional oil and gas, atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), Fewer tags Data from the development and testing of a multiparameter standard solution for fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) and algal fluorescence (fChl) (ver. 2.0, July 2022) Optical sensors measuring fluorescence of non-biological sources (e.g., dissolved organic matter, wastewater, hydrocarbons, fluorescent dyes, etc.; hereafter referred to as fDOM) are increasingly used in water quality studies because they provide proxy measurements for a variety of contaminants and constituents of concern including metals, wastewater effluent, and DOM (measured in the lab as dissolved organic carbon, (DOC)) concentrations. Similarly, sensors measuring biological (algal) fluorescence (hereafter referred to as chlorophyll (fChl) and phycocyanin (fPC), have gained popularity to measure phytoplankton concentration, biomass, and even primary productivity. As additional sensors are coupled with ongoing... Categories: Data, Data Release - Revised; Tags: California, California Water Science Center, EXO YSI, Organic Matter Research Laboratory, Sacramento, All tags... USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Water Quality, continuous monitoring, environment, fChl, fDOM, fPC, fluorescence, high frequency, optical sensor, organic matter, standard solution, water quality, Fewer tags Data from the development and testing of a multiparameter standard solution for fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) and algal fluorescence (fChl) Note: this data release has been superseded by version 2.0, available here: https://doi.org/10.5066/P91LJNAU Optical sensors measuring fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) are increasingly being used in water quality studies because they provide proxy measurements for dissolved organic matter concentrations (DOC). Similarly, chlorophyll-a (chl-a) fluorescence sensors have gained popularity as a means to measure phytoplankton concentration, biomass, and even primary productivity using various approaches. As additional sensors are grouped for in situ monitoring, field calibration checks are becoming quite time consuming for even the basic set of sensors (i.e. pH, specific conductivity, turbidity) that require... Categories: Data; Tags: California, California Water Science Center, EXO YSI, Organic Matter Research Laboratory, Sacramento, All tags... USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Water Quality, continuous monitoring, environment, fChl, fDOM, fluorescence, high frequency, optical sensor, organic matter, standard solution, water quality, Fewer tags Predictive soil property map: Fine sand content These data were compiled to demonstrate new predictive mapping approaches and provide comprehensive gridded 30-meter resolution soil property maps for the Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam. Random forest models related environmental raster layers representing soil forming factors with field samples to render predictive maps that interpolate between sample locations. Maps represented soil pH, texture fractions (sand, silt clay, fine sand, very fine sand), rock, electrical conductivity (ec), gypsum, CaCO3, sodium adsorption ratio (sar), available water capacity (awc), bulk density (dbovendry), erodibility (kwfact), and organic matter (om) at 7 depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm) as well as depth to restrictive... Tags: Arizona, Colorado, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam, All tags... Hoover Dam, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, accuracy and error estimated, available water capacity, bulk density, calcium carbonate, digital soil mapping, electrical conductivity, environmental conditions, environmental raster layers, erodibility, geoscientificInformation, gypsum, interpolate, machine learning, maps and atlases, organic matter, predicitve modeling, predictive mapping, predictive maps, random forest models, random forests, restrictive layer, rock, sodium adsorption ratio, soil conductivity, soil density, soil forming factors, soil pH, soil properties, soil property maps, soil sciences, soil texture, soils, surface rock cover, surface rock size, texture fractions, uncertainty, Fewer tags Predictive soil property map: Bulk density (oven dry) These data were compiled to demonstrate new predictive mapping approaches and provide comprehensive gridded 30-meter resolution soil property maps for the Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam. Random forest models related environmental raster layers representing soil forming factors with field samples to render predictive maps that interpolate between sample locations. Maps represented soil pH, texture fractions (sand, silt clay, fine sand, very fine sand), rock, electrical conductivity (ec), gypsum, CaCO3, sodium adsorption ratio (sar), available water capacity (awc), bulk density (dbovendry), erodibility (kwfact), and organic matter (om) at 7 depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm) as well as depth to restrictive... Tags: Arizona, Colorado, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam, All tags... Hoover Dam, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, accuracy and error estimated, available water capacity, bulk density, calcium carbonate, digital soil mapping, electrical conductivity, environmental conditions, environmental raster layers, erodibility, geoscientificInformation, gypsum, interpolate, machine learning, maps and atlases, organic matter, predicitve modeling, predictive mapping, predictive maps, random forest models, random forests, restrictive layer, rock, sodium adsorption ratio, soil conductivity, soil density, soil forming factors, soil pH, soil properties, soil property maps, soil sciences, soil texture, soils, surface rock cover, surface rock size, texture fractions, uncertainty, Fewer tags High Microscale Variability in Raman Thermal Maturity Estimates from Shale Organic Matter - Data Release Here the spatial variation in Raman estimates of thermal maturity within individual organic domains from several shale geologic reference materials originating from the Boquillas, Marcellus, Niobrara, and Woodford Formations are assessed from the respective Raman response. We show that for all four shales the thermal maturity parameters extracted from Raman spectra by iterative peak fitting can vary widely across distances of ≤5 µm within the same organic domain. Categories: Data; Tags: CEMEX quarry, Carter County, Oklahoma, Del Rio, Val Verde County, Texas, Energy Resources, Geochemistry, All tags... Le Roy, Genesse County, New York, Raman spectroscopy, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), geochemistry, laboratory methods, microscopy, organic matter, petrography, petroleum source rocks, shale, thermal maturity, vibrational spectroscopy, Fewer tags Strain induced molecular heterogeneity in ancient sedimentary organic matter mapped at nanoscales using optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy Here we report ultra-high resolution infrared mapping of organic matter functional group distribution in Tasmanites (algal microfossils) from the Upper Devonian Ohio Shale using optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy (O-PTIR). O-PTIR is capable of rapidly measuring the vibrational response of samples in situ with ~500-nm spatial resolution, well below the infrared diffraction limit. Our results indicate that organic matter within the fold apices regions (zones of greatest deformation) of relatively large Tasmanites is more aliphatic and less oxygen-rich than organic matter in the surrounding Tasmanites body. This contrasts with data from relatively thinner Tasmanites which show statistically invariant chemical... Categories: Data; Tags: Huron Member, Mineral Resources, Ohio, Ohio Shale, Tasmanites, All tags... USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), alginite, biota, deformation, optical photothermal infrared spectroscopy, organic matter, shale, Fewer tags Predictive soil property map: Depth to top of first restrictive layer These data were compiled to demonstrate new predictive mapping approaches and provide comprehensive gridded 30-meter resolution soil property maps for the Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam. Random forest models related environmental raster layers representing soil forming factors with field samples to render predictive maps that interpolate between sample locations. Maps represented soil pH, texture fractions (sand, silt clay, fine sand, very fine sand), rock, electrical conductivity (ec), gypsum, CaCO3, sodium adsorption ratio (sar), available water capacity (awc), bulk density (dbovendry), erodibility (kwfact), and organic matter (om) at 7 depths (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm) as well as depth to restrictive... Tags: Arizona, Colorado, Colorado River, Colorado River Basin, Colorado River Basin above Hoover Dam, All tags... Hoover Dam, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, accuracy and error estimated, available water capacity, bulk density, calcium carbonate, digital soil mapping, electrical conductivity, environmental conditions, environmental raster layers, erodibility, geoscientificInformation, gypsum, interpolate, machine learning, maps and atlases, organic matter, predicitve modeling, predictive mapping, predictive maps, random forest models, random forests, restrictive layer, rock, sodium adsorption ratio, soil conductivity, soil density, soil forming factors, soil pH, soil properties, soil property maps, soil sciences, soil texture, soils, surface rock cover, surface rock size, texture fractions, uncertainty, Fewer tags 1 2 »