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Bioenergy-related water use can intensify existing water stress, increasing the importance of sustainable management of water resources for sustainable bioenergy production and use. This paper presents a review of policies and instruments that can influence how bioenergy production affects water availability and use. It discusses policies and instruments of importance for water use for bioenergy production, considering both biomass production and the subsequent conversion to solid/liquid/gaseous fuels and electricity. Water policies on the biomass production side should focus on ensuring efficient water use. While environmental policy instruments, such as command-and-control approaches, support maintaining specific...
We assess different policy options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the development and diffusion of renewable energy technologies: (1) a carbon emissions price, (2) a generation subsidy for renewable energy, (3) a tax on fossil fuel generated energy, (4) a portfolio (market share) requirement for renewable energy sources, (5) a tradable performance standard for the emissions intensity of all generation, and (6) a subsidy for R&D investment in renewable energy technology. We evaluate the relative performance of the different policies according to different potential goals: emissions reduction, renewable energy production, R&D, and welfare. We also assess how the nature of technological progress—whether...
We use a global model to compare the economic performance of three policy instruments for controlling C02 emissions -period specific emission limits (limit policy), period specific taxes (tax policy), and a cumulative emissions limit (cumulative limit policy). With known costs and benefits of control, tax and limit policies are equivalent, and either is better than a cumulative limit policy. With uncertain benefits of emission reduction, tax and limit policies are equivalent. However, with uncertain costs of emission reduction, a tax policy may be better. A cumulative limit policy may occasionally perform well under uncertainty, but this is not generally the case.
We assess different policy options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the development and diffusion of renewable energy technologies: (1) a carbon emissions price, (2) a generation subsidy for renewable energy, (3) a tax on fossil fuel generated energy, (4) a portfolio (market share) requirement for renewable energy sources, (5) a tradable performance standard for the emissions intensity of all generation, and (6) a subsidy for R&D investment in renewable energy technology. We evaluate the relative performance of the different policies according to different potential goals: emissions reduction, renewable energy production, R&D, and welfare. We also assess how the nature of technological progress—whether...