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Physical and Chemical Controls on the Critical Zone Geochemists have long recognized a correlation between rates of physical denudation and chemical weathering. What underlies this correlation? The Critical Zone can be considered as a feed-through reactor. Downward advance of the weathering front brings unweathered rock into the reactor. Fluids are supplied through precipitation. The reactor is stirred at the top by biological and physical processes. The balance between advance of the weathering front by mechanical and chemical processes and mass loss by denudation fixes the thickness of the Critical Zone reactor. The internal structure of this reactor is controlled by physical processes that create surface area, determine flow paths, and set the residence time of... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Critical Zone, Soil, denudation, erosion, regolith, All tags... wea, Fewer tags Forest carbon management, the greenhouse effect and electric utilities Electric utilities in the US have initiated forestry projects to conserve energy and to o€set carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In 1995, 40 companies raised US$2.5 million to establish the non-pro®t UtiliTree Carbon Company which is now sponsoring eight projects representing a mix of rural tree planting, forest preservation, forest management and research e€orts at both domestic (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Oregon) and international sites (Belize and Malaysia). The projects include extensive external veri®cation. Such forestry projects Ð properly documented, monitored and veri®ed Ð should be a component of domestic and international strategies to address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, due to GHG bene®ts,... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Carbon dioxide, Electric, Forest, Greenhouse, Manage, All tags... Offset, Soil, Tree, Fewer tags Plant species effects and carbon and nitrogen cycling in a sagebrush?crested wheatgrass soil Shifts in plant community structure in shrub and grass-dominated ecosystems are occurring over large land areas in the western US. It is not clear what effect this vegetative change will have on rates of carbon and nitrogen cycling, and thus long-term ecosystem productivity. To study the effect of different plant species on the decomposability of soil organic substrates and rates of C- and N-cycling, we conducted laboratory incubations of soils from a 15-yr-old experimental plot where big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch.] Schult.) plants had been planted in a grid pattern. Soil samples collected from beneath crested wheatgrass had significantly greater total... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Carbon storage, Decomposition, Gross mineralization, Microbial biomass, Nitrification, All tags... Semiarid ecosystems, Soil, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Soil carbonates, respiration, Fewer tags Simulated fate and transport of metolachlor in the unsaturated zone, Maryland, USA An unsaturated-zone transport model was used to examine the transport and fate of metolachlor applied to an agricultural site in Maryland, USA. The study site was instrumented to collect data on soil-water content, soil-water potential, ground water levels, major ions, pesticides, and nutrients from the unsaturated zone during 2002-2004. The data set was enhanced with site-specific information describing weather, soils, and agricultural practices. The Root Zone Water Quality Model was used to simulate physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring in the unsaturated zone. Model calibration to bromide tracer concentrations indicated flow occurred through the soil matrix. Simulated recharge rates were within... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Acetamides, Chemical, Herbicides, Maryland, Models, All tags... Soil, Theoretical, Water Pollutants, water, Fewer tags Controls of Bedrock Geochemistry on Soil and Plant Nutrients in Southeastern Utah The cold deserts of the Colorado Plateau contain numerous geologically and geochemically distinct sedimentary bedrock types. In the area near Canyonlands National Park in Southeastern Utah, geochemical variation in geologic substrates is related to the depositional environment with higher concentrations of Fe, Al, P, K, and Mg in sediments deposited in alluvial or marine environments and lower concentrations in bedrock derived from eolian sand dunes. Availability of soil nutrients to vegetation is also controlled by the formation of secondary minerals, particularly for P and Ca availability, which, in some geologic settings, appears closely related to variation of CaCO3 and Ca-phosphates in soils. However, the results... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Ecosystems, bedrock, desert, foliar, nutrient, All tags... soil, stoichiometry, Fewer tags Report and Publications: Assessing Evapotranspiration Rate Changes for Proposed Restoration of the Forested Uplands of the DLCC Final Report - Executive Summary: This final project report is prepared to summarize the research project titled “Assessing evapotranspiration rate changes for proposed restoration of the forested uplands of the Desert Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCC)” for the Desert LCC of the Bureau of Reclamation as a requirement for closing out the project. This report includes the scope of work, summary of research project, results, and conclusions.Among all of the components of the terrestrial water cycle, evapotranspiration (ET) consumes the largest amount of water. Accurate estimation of ET is very important to understand the influence of ET to the hydrologic response of recharge and runoff processes in the water... Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: 2012, ATMOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR, ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR, All tags... AZ-01, Applications and Tools, Arizona, Datasets/Database, EARTH SCIENCE, EARTH SCIENCE, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, Federal resource managers, LCC Network Science Catalog, Northern Arizona, Publication, Publication, Publication, Report, United States, WATER VAPOR PROCESSES, WATER VAPOR PROCESSES, adaptation, best management practice (BMP), biota, climate change, completed, drought, ecosystem services, fire, forest, groundwater, hydrology, land cover, management, model, native, plant, product, remote sensing, resilience, restoration, snow, soil, topography, vegetation, water availability, water budget, watershed, Fewer tags Disturbance of the biological soil crusts and performance of Stipa tenacissima in a semi-arid Mediterranean steppe Biological soil crusts (BSC) play a major role in water and nutrient fluxes in semi-arid and arid areas, affecting the establishment of vascular plants and contributing to the spatial arrangement of vegetated and open areas. However, little is known regarding their effects on the performance of extant vegetation. By using experimental manipulations (surface soil cutting and herbiciding), we evaluated the effect of the physical structure and the biotic component of smooth biological soil crusts on soil moisture dynamics, and on the nutrient and water status, growth rate, and reproductive effort of Stipa tenacissima tussocks in a semi-arid steppe. Soil moisture content was weakly reduced after cutting the soil surface... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Cyanobacteria, Disturbance, Plant and Soil, Runoff, Soil, All tags... Source-sink dynamics, Spatial heterogeneity, Springer Netherlands, moisture, Fewer tags Soil depth affects simulated carbon and water in the MC2 dynamic global vegetation model - journal article Climate change has significant effects on critical ecosystem functions such as carbon and water cycling. Vegetation and especially forest ecosystems play an important role in the carbon and hydrological cycles. Vegetation models that include detailed belowground processes require accurate soil data to decrease uncertainty and increase realism in their simulations. The MC2 DGVM uses three modules to simulate biogeography, biogeochemistry and fire effects, all three of which use soil data either directly or indirectly. This study includes a correlation analysis of the MC2 model to soil depth by comparing a subset of the model’s carbon and hydrological outputs using soil depth data of different scales and qualities.... Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Carbon, Climate change, Correlation analysis, DGVM, LCC Network Science Catalog, All tags... Publication, Soil, Vegetation model, completed, journal article, Fewer tags Web Soil Survey Web Soil Survey (WSS) provides soil data and information produced by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. It is operated by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and provides access to the largest natural resource information system in the world. NRCS has soil maps and data available online for more than 95 percent of the nation’s counties and anticipates having 100 percent in the near future. The site is updated and maintained online as the single authoritative source of soil survey information. Soil surveys can be used for general farm, local, and wider area planning. Onsite investigation is needed in some cases, such as soil quality assessments and certain conservation and engineering applications.... Categories: Data, Publication; Types: Citation, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, OGC WMS Service; Tags: English, GIS, US, agriculture, development, All tags... erosion, grazing, map, plant, recreation, reservoir, road, soil, vegetation, water, wetland, Fewer tags Attributes for NHDPlus Version 2.1 Reach Catchments and Modified Routed Upstream Watersheds for the Conterminous United States: STATSGO Soil Characteristics, Layer Attributes This tabular data set represents the STATSGO Soil Layer Attributes compiled for two spatial components of the NHDPlus version 2 data suite (NHDPlusv2) for the conterminous United States; 1) individual reach catchments and 2) reach catchments accumulated upstream through the river network. The source data is found in the LAYER table from the "STATSGO soil characteristics for the conterminous United States" produced by the United States Geological Survey (Wolock, 1997). The variables included are water-table depth, soil erodibility (k-fact), soil erodibility for the uppermost soil horizon (k-factup), permeability, average water capacity, bulk density, percent organic material, rainfall and runoff factor ("R factor"... Types: Citation; Tags: Catchment, Conterminous United States, Inlandwaters, K factor, K factor upper horizon, All tags... NAWQA, NHDPlus, Number 10 sieve, Number 200 sieve, Number 4 sieve, R factor, STATSGO, average water capacity, bulk density, organic material, permeability, rock depth, soil, water table depth, Fewer tags Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry: novel weapons and exotic invasion Centaurea diffusa is one of the most destructive invasive weeds in the western USA and allelopathy appears to contribute to its invasiveness (Callaway & Aschehoug 2000). Here we identify a chemical from the root exudates of C. diffusa, 8-hydroxyquinoline, not previously reported as a natural product, and find that it varies biogeographically in its natural concentration and its effect as an allelochemical. 8-Hydroxyquinoline is at least three times more concentrated in C. diffusa-invaded North American soils than in this weed's native Eurasian soils and has stronger phytotoxic effects on grass species from North America than on grass species from Eurasia. Furthermore, experimental communities built from North American... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: 8-Hydroxyquinoline, Centaurea diffusa, Ecology Letters, allelopathy, biota, All tags... microbes, soil, Fewer tags Soil heterogeneity and the distribution of desert and steppe plant species across a desert-grassland ecotone Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths (blue grama), Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr. (black grama), and Larrea tridentata Coville (creosotebush) are dominant plants on the McKenzie Flats portion of the Llano de Manzano landform within Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in central New Mexico, part of the biome ecotone from the Colorado Shortgrass Steppe to the Chihuahuan Desert. In this study, we examine the hypothesis that soil heterogeneity, determined by variation in surface soil depth, carbonate accumulation, and fine-textured fraction, controls relative dominance of the three species. The area is flat, generally <1% slope; however, abrupt soil differences exist even within the flattest parts of the landscape... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Bouteloua, Journal of Arid Environments, Larrea, creosote bush, desert, All tags... ecotones, geomorphology, grama, grassland, soil, Fewer tags Biomarkers of Mercury Exposure in Two Eastern Ukraine Cities This study evaluates biomarkers of mercury exposure among residents of Horlivka, a city in eastern Ukraine located in an area with geologic and industrial sources of environmental mercury, and residents of Artemivsk, a nearby comparison city outside the mercury-enriched area. Samples of urine, blood, hair, and nails were collected from study participants, and a questionnaire was administered to obtain data on age, gender, occupational history, smoking, alcohol consumption, fish consumption, tattoos, dental amalgams, home heating system, education, source of drinking water, and family employment in mines. Median biomarker mercury concentrations in Artemivsk were 0.26 μg/g-Cr (urine), 0.92 μg/L (blood), 0.42 μg/g... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Soil, blood, dust, hair, mercury, All tags... nails, urinary, Fewer tags Controls of Bedrock Geochemistry on Soil and Plant Nutrients in Southeastern Utah The cold deserts of the Colorado Plateau contain numerous geologically and geochemically distinct sedimentary bedrock types. In the area near Canyonlands National Park in Southeastern Utah, geochemical variation in geologic substrates is related to the depositional environment with higher concentrations of Fe, Al, P, K, and Mg in sediments deposited in alluvial or marine environments and lower concentrations in bedrock derived from eolian sand dunes. Availability of soil nutrients to vegetation is also controlled by the formation of secondary minerals, particularly for P and Ca availability, which, in some geologic settings, appears closely related to variation of CaCO3 and Ca-phosphates in soils. However, the results... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Ecosystems, bedrock, desert, foliar, nutrient, All tags... soil, stoichiometry, Fewer tags Whole rock, soil, sediment, x-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analyses of samples from the Orange Hill-Bond Creek area, Nabesna Quadrangle, Alaska This data release includes geochemical, x-ray diffraction mineralogical, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) data on rocks, soils, and sediments collected near the Orange Hill and Bond Creek porphyry copper deposits, Nabesna quadrangle, Alaska. Geochemical analyses were completed by a laboratory under contract with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Electron microprobe and x-ray diffraction mineralogical analyses were completed by personnel of the Central Region Minerals Program in Denver, Colorado. The samples were collected and analyzed during 2014 to 2016, selected to help characterize the distribution and composition of mineralized and unmineralized geologic materials in this remote part of the eastern Alaska... Categories: Data; Types: Citation, Downloadable, Map Service, OGC WFS Layer, OGC WMS Layer, Shapefile; Tags: Alaska, Alaska Range, Alder Gulch, Bond Creek, Chathenda Creek, All tags... EPMA, Geochemistry, Gold Hill, Mineralogy, Nabesna, Nabesna A-2 quadrangle, Nabesna A-4 quadrangle, Nabesna B-4 quadrangle, Nikonda Creek, Nutzotin Mountains, Orange Hill, Red Hill Creek, USGS Science Data Catalog (SDC), Valdez-Cordova County, Wrangell Mountains, Wrangell–Saint Elias National Preserve, XRD, airborne imaging spectroscopy, chemical analysis, copper, economy, electron probe micronanalysis, geochemistry, geoscientificInformation, hyperspectral, hyperspectral imaging, mineral resources, mineralogy, porphyry copper, rock, rock geochemistry, soil, soil chemistry, soil geochemistry, stream sediment, unconsolidated deposits, x-ray diffraction, Fewer tags Patterns of nitrogen accumulation and cycling in riparian floodplain ecosystems along the Green and Yampa rivers. Patterns of nitrogen (N) accumulation and turnover in riparian systems in semi-arid regions are poorly understood, particularly in those ecosystems that lack substantial inputs from nitrogen fixing vegetation. We investigated sources and fluxes of N in chronosequences of riparian forests along the regulated Green River and the free-flowing Yampa River in semi-arid northwestern Colorado. Both rivers lack significant inputs from N-fixing vegetation. Total soil nitrogen increased through time along both rivers, at a rate of about 7.8 g N m(-2) year(-1) for years 10-70, and 2.7 g N m(-2)year(-1) from years 70-170. We found that the concentration of N in freshly deposited sediments could account for most of the soil... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Desert Climate, Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring, Geologic Sediments, Nitrogen, All tags... Nitrogen metabolism, Oecologia, Rivers, Soil, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, Trees, Fewer tags Interrelationships among shrub encroachment, land management, and litter decomposition in a semidesert grassland. Encroachment of woody plants into grasslands, and subsequent brush management, are among the most prominent changes to occur in arid and semiarid systems over the past century. Despite the resulting widespread changes in landcover, substantial uncertainty about the biogeochemical impacts of woody proliferation and brush management exists. We explored the role of shrub encroachment and brush management on leaf litter decomposition in a semidesert grassland where velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) abundance has increased over the past 100 years. This change in physiognomy may affect decomposition directly, through altered litter quality or quantity, and indirectly through altered canopy structure. To assess the direct... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Arizona, Biomass, Desert Climate, Ecological Applications, Ecosystem, All tags... Models, Biological, Plant Leaves, Plant Leaves: metabolism, Poaceae, Poaceae: growth & development, Poaceae: metabolism, Soil, Fewer tags Soil microbial respiration in arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Warming-induced release of CO2 from the large carbon (C) stores in arctic soils could accelerate climate change. However, declines in the response of soil respiration to warming in long-term experiments suggest that microbial activity acclimates to temperature, greatly reducing the potential for enhanced C losses. As reduced respiration rates with time could be equally caused by substrate depletion, evidence for thermal acclimation remains controversial. To overcome this problem, we carried out a cooling experiment with soils from arctic Sweden. If acclimation causes the reduction in soil respiration observed after experimental warming, then it should subsequently lead to an increase in respiration rates after cooling.... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Acclimatization, Acclimatization: physiology, Analysis of Variance, Arctic Regions, Bacteria, All tags... Bacteria: metabolism, Carbon, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide: metabolism, Carbon: metabolism, Ecology letters, Ecosystem, Fungi, Fungi: metabolism, Seasons, Soil, Soil Microbiology, Soil: analysis, Sweden, Temperature, Time Factors, Fewer tags Soil microstructure in soils of the Colorado Plateau: The role of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus The role of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatlls in cold-desert soil crusts is investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Crusts from sandstone-, limestone-, and gypsum-derived soils are examined. When dry, polysaccharide sheath material from this cyanobacterium can be seen winding through and across all three types of soil surfaces, attaching to and binding soil particles together. When wet, sheaths and living filaments can be seen absorbing water, swelling and covering soil surfaces even more extensively. Addition of negatively charged material, found both as sheath material and attached clay particles, may affect cation exchange capacity of these soils as well. As a result of these observations, we... Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Great Basin Naturalist, Microcoleus vaginatus, cryptobiotic crusts, cryptogamic crusts, cyanobacteria, All tags... soil, soil microstructure, Fewer tags Attributes for NHDPlus Version 2.1 Catchments and Modified Routing of Upstream Watersheds for the Conterminous United States: STATSGO2 Soil Characteristics, Hydrologic Groups This tabular data set represents the percentages of soils for each STATSGO2 Hydrologic Group compiled for two spatial components of the NHDPlus version 2 data suite (NHDPlusv2) for the conterminous United States; 1) individual reach catchments and 2) reach catchments accumulated upstream through the river network. The source data is found in the component table from the "STATSGOs" soil database produced by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, 2010). The variables included are hydrologic groups. This dataset can be linked to the NHDPlus version 2 data suite by the unique identifier COMID. Reach catchment information characterizes data at the local scale. Reach catchments accumulated upstream through... Types: Citation; Tags: Catchment, Conterminous United States, Hydrologic Group, Inlandwaters, NAWQA, All tags... NHDPlus, STATSGO2, soil, Fewer tags 1 2 3 »