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Alaska’s economy depends on extraction of natural resources such as fish, minerals, and timber. Gold, silver, oil, natural gas, and products such as gravel are extracted from streams, riparian zones (shoreline areas), and nearshore waters using a variety of methods that have both direct and indirect effects on fish habitats. A recent study estimated that up to 94 miles of streams and 5,350 acres of other aquatic habitats would be directly destroyed by routine operation of the proposed Pebble Mine in Bristol Bay tributaries. Bristol Bay was forecast in 2015 to produce 54 million sockeye salmon, almost 50 percent of the world’s wild sockeye salmon. Another proposed project on the west side of Cook Inlet, the Chuitna...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Alaska,
AlaskaRegion,
HumanActivity,
ResourceExtraction
The massive urban development of the northeast has resulted in discharged contaminants such as heavy metals, PCBs, and pesticides throughout the region’s waters. The number of industrial sites is much lower today, but their legacy continues as pollution leaks from abandoned industrial sites, landfills and disposal areas. Over time, these contaminants concentrate in sediments at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and bays. Some of the highest concentrations in the Northeast occur in Narragansett Bay, New York/New Jersey Harbor and Bight, and western Long Island Sound, where elevated levels of heavy metals (e.g., arsenic, chromium, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc), PCBs, and pesticides occur. There are numerous impaired...
Partnerships - Atlantic Coastal Fish Habitat Partnership, Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture, Reservoir Fish Habitat Partnership, Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership, and Great Lakes Basin Fish Habitat Partnership Partners installed 269 woody and rock structural habitats in two reservoirs in Pennsylvania. Assisted with the removal 17 fish passageway barriers that allowed access to over 47 miles of streams used for spawning by freshwater and diadromous fish species. Improved over nine miles of streams and six acres of wetlands that benefitted Eastern Brook Trout and other species. Restored 0.25 miles of in-stream habitat in Walnut Creek, a tributary of Lake Erie, to promote formation of gravel beds for steelhead...
The Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) requires cold, clean rivers and streams. This species will move long distances to find cold water refugia and spawning habitat with upwelling groundwater, however, the species suffers from habitat degradation and watershed fragmentation. Land use changes have resulted in excessive erosion and increased water temperatures and the large number of dams and culverts in the region heavily fragment available habitat.
Two rare trout subspecies, the Apache Trout (Oncorhynchus apache) and Gila Trout (Oncorhynchus gilae), are endemic to high elevation areas of Arizona and New Mexico. They are particularly threatened by hybridization with non-native trout and devastating wildfires. Severe wildfires caused by land use changes and exotic plants result in sedimentation and ash deposition in the clear waters where they live.
The majority of streams, particularly in the headwater reaches, in the Mid-Atlantic States have a low risk of current habitat degradation using the factors assessed, with most of these streams located in heavily-wooded West Virginia, Delmarva Peninsula, southern New Jersey, rural portions of central and eastern Virginia, and central Pennsylvania. Overall, 55 percent of the rivers and streams in the mid-Atlantic fall into the low and very low categories of risk of habitat degradation from the factors assessed. However, an examination of water flow patterns (hydrology) was not included, thus some of the areas scored as low risk may in fact be at higher risk. The most common disturbances in this region are associated...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
MidAtlanticRegion,
MidAtlanticStates,
RegionalSummary
The endangered Gila Chub (Gila intermedia) is found in springs and small streams of the upper Gila River basin mostly in southern Arizona but also in portions of Mexico. It prefers quiet, deep pools near cover, such as vegetation or boulders. The Gila Chub has been eliminated from 85 percent of its former range as a consequence of predation from introduced species and habitat loss resulting from water diversions, road crossings, livestock grazing, declining water quality, and groundwater pumping.
Kentucky and Missouri rank in the top five states in the number of farms. Cattle and poultry are the most common livestock in the region and corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, and rice are among the most frequently grown crops. Rice farming is the dominant agriculture in southeast Missouri and northeastern Arkansas, an area of high risk of stream degradation. Nearly 66 percent of Missouri is farmed and north Missouri, another high risk area, is predominately cattle farms, row crops, and hay fields. Cattle farms account for increased risk of habitat degradation in central and east Tennessee as well as Southern Kentucky. Runoff from agricultural fields carries sediment, fertilizers, and pesticides into tributaries...
The Southern Plains States contain one of the fastest-growing urban centers areas in the country— the Texas Triangle of Houston, Dallas/Fort Worth, and San Antonio, where more than 17 million people are spread over 58,000 square miles. Texas is also part of the Gulf Coast megaregion. In these cities and the surrounding suburbs, large areas of impervious surfaces have replaced natural streamside habitat, increased pollution and sedimentation, and completely altered water flows (hydrology). Declining fish populations are the result, near the cities as well as in downstream river reaches. Water coming from both of these megaregions also seriously affects fish habitat in receiving coastal bays and estuaries. Another...
Chinook Salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the largest-sized salmon species in the world and Alaska is a stronghold of self-sustaining populations. Since 2007, Chinook Salmon populations have been returning in fewer numbers to many Alaskan rivers throughout the State. This may be a result of intense fishing, poor ocean survival, and habitat loss and degradation in developing parts of the State, but because declines are so widespread, it could be a marine-derived problem. Scientists are currently working to determine the specific cause.
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Alaska,
AlaskaRegion,
FishWithHabitatTrouble
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) is an internationally famous anadromous trout species that can reach weights of 80 lbs. and has been listed as endangered since 2000. In the United States, Atlantic Salmon historically existed as far south as Long Island Sound, although today they are now mostly limited to the Gulf of Maine. These salmon spend their early years in Maine rivers, before migrating into international seas. After one to three years off the coasts of Newfoundland, Labrador, and Greenland, they return to their natal rivers to spawn. The primary threats to Atlantic salmon are reduced migratory passage and increased mortality due to dams and other barriers, inadequate harvest regulations in international waters,...
The Ozark Shiner (Notropis ozarcanus) requires creeks and small rivers with gravel or rocky bottoms and strong, permanent flow. The Ozark Shiner has disappeared from many stream reaches that are below impoundments and receive cold-water releases. These dams and reservoirs also serve as barriers that prevent colonization of suitable habitat. Increases in turbidity, siltation from land practices, gravel removal operations, and nutrient enrichment from poultry and swine farms are additional threats to this unique minnow species.
Hawaii is home to several unique freshwater goby species (called o`opu in Hawaiian), most of which are highly adapted and specialized to climb vertical waterfalls to get to spawning habitat. These species are under stress as the result of direct habitat loss from development and water withdrawal along with competition with non-native species and habitat fragmentation from barriers. Similarly, native prawns that are residents of enclosed brackish water bodies. known as anchialine pools, are also under stress from development pressures.
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
FishWithHabitatTrouble,
Hawaii,
HawaiiRegion
The Connecticut River is the largest river in New England. It flows 410 miles (660 kilometers) from its source to the Long Island Sound. New Hampshire and Vermont share about two-thirds of the river's length, or 275 miles (443 kilometers). The Connecticut River: is named after the Pequot word “quinetucket,” meaning “long tidal river.” The European corruption of that begat “Connecticut.” provides 70 percent of all the freshwater entering Long Island Sound. The Connecticut River has more than 1,000 dams on its tributaries and 16 dams on its main stem, 12 of which are hydropower projects. Many of these dams are more than 100 years old. The first dinosaur tracks in North America were discovered in Triassic rocks...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Facts,
NortheasternRegion,
NortheasternStates
The Ohio River flows through or borders six States and is 981 miles (1,579 kilometers) long, starting at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and ending in Cairo, Illinois, where it flows into the Mississippi River. At the confluence, the Ohio River is considerably bigger than the Mississippi River. More than 25 million people, almost 10 percent of the U.S. population, live in the Ohio River Basin, and it is source of drinking water for more than 3 million people even though many sections do not meet water quality standards for bacteria and pathogens, PCBs, lead, mercury, metals, organics, and other pollutants. There are 20 dams on the Ohio River that are managed by...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
CentralMidwestRegion,
CentralMidwestStates,
Facts
There are over 9,000 dams in the Mid-Atlantic States. The great majority of these dams are small (i.e., less than 15 feet high), old, and obsolete mill dams that are in disrepair. Dams, as well as many poorly designed culverts and road crossings, fragment habitat and stop fish migrations for a range of species. Fish species, such as American Shad, river herring, Atlantic and Shortnose Sturgeon, Rainbow Smelt, American Eel, Striped Bass, and many other fish species must migrate for spawning or require unobstructed access throughout watersheds to complete their life-cycles. Most fish that require migrations in this region have populations that are only a fraction of what they were historically. During 2010 to 2014,...
Regional industries have contributed significant amounts of oil, metals, and other industrial wastes such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and benzene to the Mississippi River. Imperiled waters abound in Missouri and metals such as lead, zinc, and cadmium were historically released into streams from mines in multiple counties, particularly in the old lead mining belts. Over 1,321 miles of Tennessee rivers and streams, 1,507 miles in Kentucky, and 1,493 miles in Arkansas were impaired in 2012 due to release of metals, pesticides, and PCBs. Many chemicals, such as PCBs, have been banned for decades but persist in suspended and bottom sediments of aquatic environments. Poorly treated sewage and wastewater is also...
Invasive predatory Flathead Catfish are causing population declines of native Redbreast Sunfish and species of Bullhead and Madtom catfishes in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, along with issues for other migratory species, such as Alewife, Blueback Herring, and American Shad. The Georgia Department of Natural Resources maintains a program to control the population in the Satilla River, and North and South Carolina State fishery agencies have similar efforts and concerns. The Savannah River Basin is home to more than 75 species of rare plants and animals and 110 fish species. There are 18 Federally listed fish species in the Savannah River Basin—five are Federally listed as threatened and 13 are Federally...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Facts,
SoutheastAtlanticRegion,
SoutheastAtlanticStates
The rivers of the Pacific Coast states are heavily altered by dams and diversions ( over 1,400 dams in California, 1,039 in Oregon, 1,174 in Washington ). The dams generally are used for hydropower generation, irrigation, and transportation, all essential to supporting the region’s extensive agricultural and manufacturing (aluminum, aircraft, shipbuilding) industries. Dams create problems for fish such as salmon and steelhead by interrupting or halting their migration from the Pacific to upstream habitats and killing large numbers of young salmon (smolts) as they move downstream through powerhouses or spillways. Numbers of salmon and steelhead have declined drastically from historic levels, and many populations...
Dams and other barriers are having a significant effect on fish habitat in the Upper Midwest. More than 3,700 dams have been constructed on Wisconsin’s warm water streams. Similarly, there are 2,500 listed dams in Michigan and likely a similar number that are not in the dam safety database for that state. In the Lake Michigan watershed alone, dams, culverts, and road crossings that impede fish migration have reduced nearly 19,000 miles of accessible stream habitat to only 3,300 miles. With many Great Lakes fish species using tributaries as spawning and nursery habitats, these barriers are a significant factor impairing the full recovery of fish populations in the Great Lakes. Similar fragmentation occurs on other...
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