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Samples of the crater lake water were filtered in the field with a 0.45 micron filter. Subsequently, additional precipitates formed in the solute-rich samples (secondary precipitates) which were subsequently filtered in the lab with a 0.45 micron filter. Resulting residues were analyzed both in situ on the filter and after scraping. Samples were sputter coated with 10 nm Au, then imaged in a Tescan VEGA3 scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an Oxford 150 mm2 X-MaxN large area energy dispersive spectrometer at the U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA. Elemental backscatter (BSE) images were collected with an accelerating voltage (HV) of 30 kV and a working distance (WD) of ~15 mm. Magnification is indicated...
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Samples of the crater lake water were filtered in the field with a 0.45 micron filter. Subsequently, additional precipitates formed in the solute-rich samples (secondary precipitates) which were subsequently filtered in the lab with a 0.45 micron filter. The mineralogy of secondary precipitates for samples HM19-01 and HM20-01A,B,C that were collected on 10/26/2019 and on 1/17/2020, respectively was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Analysis was carried out at the British Natural History Museum with a Enraf-Nonius PDS120 diffractometer equipped with a primary Germanium (111) monochromator and an INEL 120° curved position sensitive detector (PSD). Data were collected from 7-120° 2θ using Co Kalpha1 radiation...
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Samples for water chemistry analysis were filtered to 0.45 µm upon collection. Since the solute-rich samples continued to form precipitates, samples were filtered again immediately prior to analysis if needed. All samples were very rich in solutes and were analyzed at multiple dilutions (1:100 to 1:1000) to match instrument measurement ranges for various analytes. Water chemistry analyses were performed at the U.S. Geological Survey laboratories in Menlo Park, California. The concentrations of fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO42-), and bromide (Br-) in samples were determined by ion chromatography with a Dionex ICS-2000, using a 250 mm Dionex IonPac AS18 column. The concentrations of major cations...
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Aliquots of collected water samples were prepared for isotopic analysis at the USGS laboratories in Menlo Park, CA by precipitating dissolved sulfate as barium sulfate, using the methods of Carmody and others (1997). Sulfur isotopes were analyzed at the USGS laboratories in Reston, Virginia. For sulfur isotope ratio measurements, dissolved sulfate is converted to BaSO4, which is analyzed by conversion to sulfur dioxide with an elemental analyzer and subsequent analysis with a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Brenna, 1997). Samples are analyzed simultaneously with BaSO4 isotopic reference materials. No correction for oxygen isotopic composition is made to the reported sulfur isotope data. For...
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Samples of the crater lake water were filtered in the field with a 0.45 micron filter. Subsequently, additional precipitates formed in the solute-rich samples (secondary precipitates). The solids that accumulated on the filters (both secondary and original precipitate) were digested by heating overnight in a sealed Teflon vial with 300 µL concentrated HCl, 100 µL concentrated HNO3, and 500 µL concentrated HF. Following digestion, samples were dried down, then re-dissolved in 300 µL concentrated HNO3 and diluted with MilliQ water. The liquid from the digested samples were analyzed for element concentrations by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) using a ThermoFisher ICAP 6500 Duo at...
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Samples from outside the crater lake were analyzed for their sulfur isotopic composition. Samples of sulfate alteration and native sulfur from the Kīlauea summit, Halema’uma’u crater (HMM), and the Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) were ground, weighed into tin capsules, and analyzed by conversion to sulfur dioxide with an elemental analyzer. Samples were subsequently analyzed with a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Brenna, 1997). Water samples from the NSF well on Kīlauea summit and samples of ash leachate from the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea were processed by precipitating dissolved sulfate as barium sulfate, using the methods described in Carmody et al. (1997), and then analyzed as described above. Samples...
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Water samples for oxygen-18 and deuterium isotope determinations were stored unfiltered in 15 ml glass bottles and analyzed at the USGS laboratories in Reston, Virginia. Analysis of oxygen isotopes was according to the methods of Epstein and Mayeda (1953) with a precision of ±0.1‰, and the hydrogen isotopes were analyzed according to the method described in Kendall and Coplen (1985) and Coplen et al. (1991) with a precision of ±1.5‰. Ratios are reported relative to VSMOW. References: Coplen, T. B., Wildman, J. D., and Chen, J., 1991. Improvements in the gaseous hydrogen-water equilibration technique for hydrogen isotope ratio analysis, Anal. Chem., 63, 910– 912. doi:10.1021/ac00009a014. Epstein, S., and Mayeda,...
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Equipment DJI M600 Matrice Pro unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) were used for water and gas sampling, video, and thermal data collection. An Anafi Parrot UAS was also used on the 10/26/19 campaign for video and photography. Payload The sUAS carried a sampling payload connected to a remote release jaw mechanism. The water sampler was a 1-L Hydrasleeve, a flexible ultra high molecular weight (UHMW) plastic sleeve open at the top end, with a UHMW plastic inlet cone. The Hydrasleeve was attached 10 m below the UAS release jaw, with 3/16” polypropylene rope tied to the inlet cone. A swivel was tied to the top of the rope and connected to the release jaw. A 454 g (1 lb) stainless steel weight attached...
    map background search result map search result map c) Water isotopes of the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii d) Sulfur and oxygen isotopes of dissolved sulfate of the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii h) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) of solids filtered from the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii b) Water chemistry of the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii g) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of solids filtered from the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii f) Chemical composition of solids filtered from the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii a) Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS) sampling of the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii i) Sulfur isotope analysis of samples from outside the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii c) Water isotopes of the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii d) Sulfur and oxygen isotopes of dissolved sulfate of the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii h) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) of solids filtered from the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii b) Water chemistry of the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii g) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of solids filtered from the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii f) Chemical composition of solids filtered from the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii a) Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS) sampling of the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii i) Sulfur isotope analysis of samples from outside the water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii