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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, working with members of the scientific community, has determined that early manned lunar exploration will be oriented primarily to investigations in the geosciences. Exploration by man on the lunar surface will, therefore be geological, geophysical, geochemical, geochemical, and surveying in nature, and will be directed to the physical and chemical characteristics of the lunar crust, and to measurements that will furnish data pertinent to understanding the physics of the Moon. Scientific exploration of the Moon will provide information fundamental to understanding the origin and composition of the Solar System, and engineering data important to the design of specific...
A field test held in the Hopi Buttes, Arizona, was planned to test geological, geophysical, and analytical operations and instruments that are of potential use in Apollo Extension Systems lunar surface missions. The test was conducted under "shirt-sleeve" conditions, but potentially useful methods of recording and compiling information during lunar exploration were employed. The test showed that by using specially planned procedures, field and analytical information can be evaluated during field operations and compiled at a location that is remote from the field. It also showed that the more information that is analyzed as operations progress, the more effectively can succeeding operations be conducted. Experience...
When the Apollo astronauts land on the Moon, their precise location will not be known. The real-time geologic mapping planned for the first mission could best be done if the exact position of the landing site were determined. The astronauts may have to find their position, with or without assistance from the Earth-based scientific mission center, before leaving the Lunar Module (LM), and the less time this takes, the more time will be available for exploring the lunar surface.
Appendices include the original survey, response data, and collated results related to the Open File Report. Geoscience maps, regardless of target body, are spatial and temporal representations of materials and processes recorded on planetary surfaces (Varnes, 1973; Spencer, 2000). The information and context provided by these maps promote basic and applied research within and across various geoscience disciplines. They also provide an important basis for programmatic and policy decisions (for example, H.R. 2763 – 102nd Congress, National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992). Since 1961, planetary (that is, all solid surface bodies in the Solar System beyond Earth) geoscience maps have been used in nearly every facet of...
Incorporated into USGS OpenFile Report #1094, "The Geologic Classification of the Meteorites", these materials were written by Donald Elston and contain figures, photos, and charts to help astronauts (who were not trained geologists) be able to identify and articulately describe the geologic observations they made on the lunar surface.
At the suggestion of the Planetology Subcommittee of the Space Sciences Steering Committee, an active engineering seismic experiment originally proposed by J. S. Watkins, J. Cl. De Bremaecker, and M. F. Kane was incorporated into the Early Apollo Active Seismic Experiment originally proposed by R. L. Kovach . J. S. Watkins was made co-experimenter for the Early Apollo Active Seismic Experiment with the responsibility of developing the engineering seismic part of the experiment (sometimes called the Short Array); R. L. Kovach was appointed the principal investigator for the experiment with overall responsibility for the development of the experiment , and particular responsibility for the development of his mortar-firing...
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration plans to land two astronauts on the Moon as a part of the Apollo Space Program. The questions arise: What should the astronauts do on the surface and what information should they gather? This report proposes answers to these questions by describing a possible series of scientific activities, or mission profiles, to be performed by the astronauts on the lunar surface during the first seven missions.
Systems and shirt-sleeve operations tests were conducted at the Bonito Flow test site from April 5 through April 9. The tests provided the opportunity to evaluate field test logistics, systems compatibility, systems operation, and geological field and control center operations. This report summarizes the evaluations that bear on the potential usefulness of systems and operations.
Details of field exercises to assess the readiness of astronauts to perform geologic investigations on the lunar surface. They include landscape description, geologic mapping, mobile traverse descriptions, impact crater description, depression description, and detailed mapping.
This report includes the first substantive body of in situ density, bearing strength, shear strength, and moisture content data measured by Project personnel. Emphasis in this fiscal year's measurements was on low-density materials since available data suggest that the upper meter or so of the lunar surface consists of low-density material.
These suggestions are largely a result of two closely allied factors: first, a tape recording--either direct or one made via radio--should enable· a field geologist to record many more observations per unit time than can be made in a notebook. The observations should be to the point, but there is no reason for them to be cryptic and so potentially ambiguous to another person. Second, persons in a data facility usually have to form a mental image of the scene being described by the field man in order to understand and to plot the data. The field man therefore has to describe objects by some logical systematic procedure.
Cinder Lake symbology, unit descriptions, and ideas tested at Cinder Lakes and Verde Valley, northern Arizona.
Apollo Applications Program (AAP) Test 3 was held in Flagstaff, Arizona, as an initial feasibility study of rock thin-section preparation and remote television monitoring of the microscopic image, for possible use on AAP missions. During the 18 hours of actual test operations 38 thin sections were prepared. Of these, 25 were examined with a petrographic microscope with a television link to the Communications Data Reception and Analysis facility (CDRA) in another part of town. Instruments tested included a semi-automatic thin-section fabricating apparatus and two microscope-television systems. The exchange of information between test subjects and CDRA personnel was more coordinated and of greater geologic value than...
In several respects the Nevada Test Site is located in an area that is especially interesting geologically. It lies along the projected trend of the Walker Lane and the Las Vegas Valley Shear Zone (Locke and others, 1940; Longwell, 1960), one of the major crustal features of the Basin-Range province. The shear zone itself, however, may not continue through the Test Site in a simple way (Burchfiel, 1965). The Test Site is in a belt of late Mesozoic thrust faults along the eastern side of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline. The eastern part of the Test Site area is characterized by the parallel Cenozoic topographic and structural elements generally associated with the Basin-Range province; the western part of the area...
Geophysical surveys conducted at Zuni Salt Lake, Hopi Buttes, and Meteor Crater show anomalies that are representative of the varied geologic history of these test areas. This report presents only a qualitative representation of results obtained at the three major test sites: Zuni Salt Lake, Hopi Buttes, and Meteor Crater. Individual reports on each test site will examine and interpret geophysical anomalies in greater detail.
The main idea behind this slide presentation is to develope a general philosophy on: 1) lunar impact cratering processes, 2) characteristics of impact craters and ejecta as a function of target material and, size, 3) the effects of layered targets on impact crater morphology, and 4) illustration of the above for lunar sites.
Enclosed are the seismic profiles and a plan of the seismic lines at the new Cinder Lake Crater Field in Yavapai county. Along the East-West line the upper layer is made up of 3.5 feet of cinders on the top and then becoming mixed with clay t o a depth of 7.5 to 11.0 feet below the surface. Beneath this is a 10 to 20 foot thick layer of denser cinders or some other unconsolidated material. The third layer, with velocities from 5100 to 5950 ft. per sec., is probably a lava similar to that at Kona-A.
Drill Core Log of Cinder Lake (in Yavapai county) Collected in September 10-17, 1968. The driller is listed as Justus.
Apollo Applications Program Field Test 5 was held March 14-18, 1966, in the Hopi Buttes area, Arizona. The objectives of the test were to 1) evaluate techniques of field checking a moderately complex photogeologic map--techniques potentially useful for lunar geologic exploration; 2) test the feasibility of using a vehicle mounted magnetometer and applying the magnetometer results to real time geologic mapping and interpretation; and 3) evaluate the use of a petrographic microscope as a possible analytical tool for lunar exploration. The test results indicated that for real-time mapping at a station remote from the fieldwork, persons working in the field and at the remote station must be trained as a team, and that...
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