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This paper presents an analysis of the effects of different institutional arrangements and economic environments on water markets. Characteristics of water rights transfers in the South Platte Basin of Colorado and transfers of shares of the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District (NCWCD) are compared to show how different institutional arrangements can affect the types and size distributions of transfers. The characteristics of water rights transfers in the prosperous South Platte are then compared with water rights transfer characteristics in the economically marginal Arkansas River basin of Colorado to identify the effects of different economic environments. Finally, the economic losses from reductions in...
Comprehensive water resources management includes a variety of factors, among which are water quantity and quality, institutional and legal aspects, and economics. Even though water quality has begun to attain some prominence, its relation to water quantity and to water system operation has been largely overlooked. The Colorado River system in the United States is a case in point. The river basin encompasses an area which is one-twelfth the size of the continental United States. The water is utilized mainly for irrigation of semi-arid areas in the southwestern part of the United States and in northwestern Mexico. Despite its importance, the river system operates under laws and regulations that are not condusive...
Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Water Research
Isolated embryos of Salsola kali L. (Russian thistle) were allowed to imbibe on filter paper in Peltier thermocouple psychrometer chambers with differing amounts of water available. Water potential determinations were made on the embryo-filter paper system periodically during the 24-h period of imbibition and early seedling growth. At the 24th h, complete extension of the embryonic axis occurred at an equilibrium water potential of -2 bars and an embryo water content of 114%, perceptible growth (uncoiling of the spiraled embryo) at -30 bars and 83%, and no growth or perceptible swelling at -54 bars and 56%. Hourly monitoring of the water potential of the plant-substrate system showed an initial rise toward a level...
While the analysis of the present paper is intended to be general, we have set it in the backdrop of the Colorado River so as to fix the concepts and problems more concretely. As the Colorado River is the single most important source of water supply in the arid West, it seems an appropriate context in which to perform the analysis. We first present a brief description of the Colorado River and the historical events that have led to its present state of development. We then present a descriptive model of a river economy based on the doctrine of prior appropriation water rights and find that unequal sharing of risks generates inefficiencies in the absence of transferable water rights. In examining the obstacles to...
The stable isotopic composition of water is routinely used as a tracer to study water exchange processes in vascular plants and ecosystems. To date, no study has focussed on isotope processes in non-vascular, poikilohydric organisms such as lichens and bryophytes. To understand basic isotope exchange processes of non-vascular plants, thallus water isotopic composition was studied in various green-algal lichens exposed to desiccation. The study indicates that lichens equilibrate with the isotopic composition of surrounding water vapour. A model was developed as a proof of concept that accounts for the specific water relations of these poikilohydric organisms. The approach incorporates first their variable thallus...
Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) is an alien grass that dominates disturbed ground in shrub-steppe ecosystems of the western United States. Responses of downy brome to added nitrogen and water were evaluated using intact soil cores obtained from an old field. Gas exchange data were gathered at the leaf and canopy scales. Stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis rates were greater at the leaf scale than at the canopy scale, decreased with time from germination, and were weakly affected by treatments. Water-use efficiency was weakly related to time from germination and treatments. Biomass was greater in the nitrogen-plus-water (7.4 g) treatment, compared with water (3.6 g), nitrogen (4.5 g), and control (3.3 g)...
Amethodology employing dynamic programming is presented for integrating the optimaldesign of water supply, treatment, and conveyance systems, where demandsfor water may vary over a year. The analysis beginswith the water conveyance system so as to determine overallmonthly water allocations for various possible discrete levels of annualfirm yield from a proposed reservoir that maximize net benefits.An analysis is then conducted on the reservoir to determinethe minimum required reservoir capacity for each discrete firm yield,given the previously computed water allocations for each level. Giventhe costs for each sizing, the size and design ofthe reservoir and conveyance system that maximizes total net benefitsis easily...
The current Southwest drought is exceptional for its high temperatures and arguably the most severe in history. Coincidentally, there has been an increase in forest and woodland mortality due to fires and pathogenic outbreaks. Although the high temperatures and aridity are consistent with projected impacts of greenhouse warming, it is unclear whether the drought can be attributed to increased greenhouse gasses or is a product of natural climatic variability. Climate models indicate that the 21st century will be increasingly arid and droughts more severe and prolonged. Forest and woodland mortality due to fires and pathogens will increase. Demography and food security dictate that water demand in the Southwest will...
Climate change undermines a basic assumption that historically has facilitated management of water supplies, demands, and risks. Published in Science, volume 319, on pages 573 - 574, in 2008.
Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Science
Deuterated water absorbed by deep roots of Artemisia tridentata appeared in the stem water of neighboring Agropyron desertorum tussocks. This supports the hypothesis that water absorbed by deep roots in moist soil moves through the roots, is released in the upper soil profile at night, and is stored there until it is resorbed by roots the following day. This phenomenon is termed hydraulic lift. The potential for parasitism of the water stored in the upper soil layers by neighboring plant roots is also shown. The effectiveness of water absorption by deep roots was substantially improved with hydraulic lift as indicated by reductions of 25 to 50% in transpiration on days following experimental circumvention of hydraulic...
Water shortages in California are a growing concern amidst ongoing drought, earlier spring snowmelt, projected future climate warming, and currently mandated water use restrictions. Increases in population and land use in coming decades will place additional pressure on already limited available water supplies. We used a state-and-transition simulation model to project future changes in developed (municipal and industrial) and agricultural land use to estimate associated water use demand from 2012 to 2062. Under current efficiency rates, total water use was projected to increase 1.8 billion cubic meters (+4.1%) driven primarily by urbanization and shifts to more water intensive crops. Only if currently mandated...
This paper discusses the consumptive water needs of the various energy conversion processes including oil shale retorting, coal gasification and liquefaction, electric power generation, and slurry pipelines. Projected energy development water needs in the upper Colorado River and Upper Missouri River basins are compared with projected agricultural needs and water available. The comparative cost and values of water to energy and agricultural development are discussed to emphasize this as well as the political and social factors entering into the picture. Published in Journal of the American Water Resources Association, volume 17, issue 1, on pages 29 - 35, in 1981.
Global warming may profoundly affect temporal and spatial distributions of surface water availability. While climate modelers cannot yet predict regional hydrologic changes with confidence, it is appropriate to begin examining the likely effects of water allocation institutions on society's adaptability to prospective climate change. Such institutions include basic systems of water law, specific statutes, systems of administration and enforcement, and social norms regarding acceptable water-use practices. Both climate and the changing nature of demands on the resource have affected the development and evolution of water allocation institutions in the United States. Water laws and administrative arrangements, for...
It has been generally recognized that the urinary bladder of anurans serves as a water storage organ. Steen (1929) demonstrated that water can be reabsorbed from the urinary bladder of frogs, and Ewer (1952b) and Sawyer and Schisgall (1956) demonstrated that the rate of resorption of bladder water in toads is greatly increased during dehydration. Ewer, as well as others, has pointed out the adaptive value during dehydration of the water stored in the bladder. Nevertheless, this adaptive value has been assumed, and actually little work has been done to confirm the bladder's adaptive significance-this is evidenced by the short section devoted to the anuran bladder in Chew's recent (1961) review on water metabolism...
The evolution of water law provides a fascinating example of the responses of law to changing social and economic conditions. xcScott and Coustalin 1995 and xcMiller 1996 have provided the details of water law change from Roman times to the 20th century. The law of prior occupancy (an early version of the priority doctrine), wherein the earliest water users had first call on available water, was adopted in England from Roman Law. At the start of the industrial revolution, it became clear that these historical uses were preventing water access for the newer, more technical industries. To accommodate these needs, a ?reasonable use? doctrine evolved, allowing new activities access as long as they did not ?unreasonably?...
Evaporative water loss from the integument of the desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii constitutes a major proportion of the water loss, but is far less than in tortoises from wetter regions. Respiratory water loss also is less. Published in Science, volume 154, issue 3751, on pages 911 - 911, in 1966.
Categories: Publication; Types: Citation, Journal Citation; Tags: Science
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The cost of providing adequate water for energy development in the Colorado River Basin and the effect that providing water for energy will have on the population are examined in terms of the legal framework that has developed to deal with water rights and water quality. The substitution principle is applied to water use in the energy industry and the potential is shown for water conservation and future patterns of water use. Policies are suggested that would either force energy plants to install dry cooling and dry flue gas desulfurization by restricting the quantity of water that can be consumed or would encourage the use of slime groundwater or wastewater by limiting the use of fresh water. Either policy would...
Early succession aspen and late succession conifer forests have different architecture and physiology affecting hydrologic transfer processes. An evaluation of water pools and fluxes was used to determine differences in the hydrologic dynamics between stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and associated stands of mixed conifer consisting of white fir (Abies concolor), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). In 2005 and 2006, measurements of snow water accumulation, snow ablation (melt), soil water content, snowpack sublimation, and evapotranspiration (ET) were measured in adjacent aspen and conifer stands. Peak snow water equivalent (SWE) averaged 34–44% higher in...
he Upper Colorado River Basin has abundant deposits of fossil fuels and minerals, and numerous projects are in progress, planned or projected, to extract these resources. The first question that needs to be answered to make it possible for these projects to become reality is the availability of water. The Upper Colorado River Basin states are presently depleting 60% of the water apportioned to them under the Colorado River Compact of 1922. Of the 40% remaining it is difficult to specify the exact amount of water available for future development because of the uncertainty of the amount of water to satisfy the Indian water rights and the amount of water that has been committed to various projects by the Upper Colorado...
The arid Southwest of the United States is confronted with increasing water demands and a limited resource. Past efforts to meet water demand have been directed toward development of scarce water resources. While development programs have been successful in stretching available supply, few feasible development options remain. Furthermore, heavy water utilization has affected water quality within drainage basins. It seems likely that water management will play a much more significant role in water resource allocation in the future. This paper will examine water development activity in the Southwest to date. Attention will be given to several of the problems that have arisen. The paper will then examine water management...
map background search result map search result map Energy production and water resources in the Colorado River Basin Energy production and water resources in the Colorado River Basin