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Using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral-ratio (HVSR) method, we infer regolith thickness (i.e., depth to bedrock) throughout the Farmington River Watershed, CT, USA. Between Nov. 2019 and Nov. 2020, MOHO Tromino Model TEP-3C (MOHO, S.R.L.) three-component seismometers collected passive seismic recordings along the Farmington River and the upstream West Branch of Salmon Brook. From these recordings, we derived resonance frequencies using the GRILLA software (MOHO, S.R.L.), and then inferred potential regolith thicknesses based on likely shear wave velocities, Vs, intrinsic to the underlying sediment. Three potential shear wave velocities (Vs = 300m/s, 337m/s, 362 m/s) were considered for Farmington River watershed...
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We used spatial data from previously mapped preferential groundwater discharges throughout the Farmington River watershed in Connecticut and Massachusetts (https://doi.org/10.5066/P915E8JY) to guide water sample collection at known locations of groundwater discharging to surface water. In 2017 and 2019 - 2021, samples were collected during general river baseflow conditions (July – November, <30.9 cms mean daily discharge (USGS gage 01189995, statistics 2010-2022) when the riverbank discharge points were exposed. We collected a suite of dissolved constituents and stable isotopes of water directly in the shallow saturated sediments of active points of discharge, and coincident stream chemical samples were also collected...
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Areas of groundwater discharge are hydrologically and ecologically important, and yet are difficult to predict at the river network scale. Thermal infrared imagery can be used to identify areas of groundwater discharge based on an observed temperature anomaly (colder during the late summer or warmer during the late winter). The thermal images, direct temperature measurements (11 cm depth) and discharge zone (seep) location information in this data release were collected as part of a study to evaluate and improve predicted spatial patterns of groundwater discharge. The data were collected during the late summer / early fall of 2017 along selected river reaches in the Farmington River watershed (Connecticut and Massachusetts)....
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The Neversink River watershed (above the Neversink Reservoir) has been a focus of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research regarding stream geochemistry, acidification, and ecology dynamics for decades. In 2019, the Water Mission Area Next Generation Water Observing Systems Program augmented the existing stream gage network there, including instrumentation to specifically characterize various aspects of groundwater discharge to streams. An important control on the spatiotemporal dynamics of groundwater discharge can be stream valley corridor depth to bedrock, otherwise conceptualized as the thickness of unconsolidated sediments sediments over the contiguous bedrock interface. In June 2019, and November 2020, passive...
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This data release contains three data types that could potentially be used to infer spatiotemporal variability in groundwater discharge processes, along with other research and monitoring purposes: 1) Temporally continuous stream channel water temperature and adjacent streambank air temperature time series data (generally starting November 2020) as well as limited temperature data from May to October 2022 from select seeps and springs; 2) Discrete stable isotope data collected from stream water (May 2021, October/November 2021, May 2022, October/November 2022); and 3) Discrete dissolved radon gas data from stream water (collected May 2021 and May 2022). Data were collected at 51 temporary stations installed along...
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In summer in Massachusetts, USA, preferential groundwater discharge zones are often colder than adjacent streambed areas that do not have substantial discharge. Therefore, discharge zones can efficiently be identified and mapped over space using heat as a tracer. This data release contains fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) data collected along the streambed interface of the main channel and tributaries of the upper Quashnet River, within approximately 1 km of Johns Pond, from June 14 to June 20, 2020. For these deployments a Salixa XT-DTS control unit (Salixa Ltd, Hertfordshire, UK) was used, and measurements were made over several day increments at 0.508 m linear resolution. Specific locations...
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Locations of focused (or ‘preferential’) groundwater discharge to surface water are often hydrologically and ecologically important, yet our ability to predict the spatial distribution and water quality of preferential riverbank discharges is limited at the scale of river networks. To advance the understanding of the physical controls on riverbank groundwater discharge processes, discharge zones can be mapped efficiently using handheld and drone-based thermal infrared cameras. Groundwater discharge locations can be identified based on ‘anomalous’ thermal signatures, such as relatively cold riverbank zones in summer and warm riverbank zones in winter. Thermal infrared imaging can be combined with concurrent direct...
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The Upper Delaware River is a unique example of an aquatic system where summer river temperature is actively managed for ecological purposes. River temperature at the mainstem Delaware River at Lordville, NY gage (USGS 01427207) is targeted to remain below 25°C, with warm events potentially mitigated via directed upstream reservoir releases, a process guided by predictive tools. These directed releases currently occur at the Cannonsville Dam on the West Branch, though the temperature criteria at the Lordville gage is also influenced by releases from the Pepacton Dam on the east branch. To increase the spatial resolution of summer river temperature data available for understanding river temperature processes and...
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This data release documents streambed sediment thickness in the Neversink watershed (NY) as determined by field observations and HVSR passive seismic measurements, and were collected as an extension of a previous data set collected in the same watershed (see Associated Items). These measurements were made between May 17, 2021 and May 21, 2021 using MOHO Tromino three-component seismometers (MOHO, S.R.L.). Seismic observations were converted to sediment thickness (depth to bedrock, meters) using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method. Resonance frequencies were determined from time domain data using GRILLA (MOHO, S.R.L.) software and converted to inferred depth to bedrock for a range of possible...
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As the climate warms and dry periods become more extreme, shallow groundwater discharge is generally becoming a less reliable source of streamflow while deep groundwater discharge remains a more resilient source. The implications of shifts in the relative balance of shallow and deep groundwater discharge sources are profound in gaining streams. These different sources exert critical controls on stream temperature and water quality as influenced by legacy groundwater contaminant transport. Groundwater discharge flux rates over time were used for the inference of source groundwater characteristics to prominent riverbank groundwater discharge faces along the mainstem Farmington River, CT USA. To estimate groundwater...
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Locations of focused groundwater seepage to surface water are often hydrologically and ecologically important. Spatially focused or ‘preferential’ seepage can be identified as anomalous cold zones compared to warmer adjacent bank and surface water features (in summer). The temperature of deeper groundwater on Cape Cod is expected to approximate 11 °C year-round, yielding a relatively cold signature where groundwater emerges from the saturated sediment interface. Recent advances in thermal infrared imaging allow efficient real-time scanning for cold anomalies that may be associated with preferential seepage zones, and direct temperature measurements can be collected within the sediments of these zones to better capture...
    map background search result map search result map Thermal infrared images and direct temperature measurements of groundwater discharge zones throughout the Farmington River watershed (Connecticut and Massachusetts) Passive seismic depth to bedrock data collected along headwater stream corridors in the Neversink River watershed, NY, USA Thermal infrared images of groundwater discharge zones in the Farmington and Housatonic River watersheds (Connecticut and Massachusetts, 2019)(ver. 3.0, January 2023) Depth to bedrock determined from passive seismic measurements, Neversink River watershed, NY (USA) Heat tracing of potential groundwater seepage zones along the upper Coonamessett River bog area (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2021) Main channel river water temperature collected along the East Branch, West Branch, and mainstem Delaware River near Handcock, NY, USA in summer 2021 Passive seismic depth to bedrock data collected along streams of the Farmington River watershed, CT, USA Riverbank vertical temperature profiler data and calculated groundwater discharge flux estimates from the Farmington River corridor, CT, USA Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing data collected for improved mapping and monitoring of contaminated groundwater discharges along the upper Quashnet River, Mashpee and Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA 2020 Biogeochemical and source characteristics of preferential groundwater discharge in the Farmington River watershed (Connecticut and Massachusetts, 2017 - 2021) Stream Temperature, Dissolved Radon, and Stable Water Isotope Data Collected along Headwater Streams in the Upper Neversink River Watershed, NY, USA (ver. 2.0, April 2023) Heat tracing of potential groundwater seepage zones along the upper Coonamessett River bog area (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2021) Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing data collected for improved mapping and monitoring of contaminated groundwater discharges along the upper Quashnet River, Mashpee and Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA 2020 Riverbank vertical temperature profiler data and calculated groundwater discharge flux estimates from the Farmington River corridor, CT, USA Passive seismic depth to bedrock data collected along streams of the Farmington River watershed, CT, USA Stream Temperature, Dissolved Radon, and Stable Water Isotope Data Collected along Headwater Streams in the Upper Neversink River Watershed, NY, USA (ver. 2.0, April 2023) Passive seismic depth to bedrock data collected along headwater stream corridors in the Neversink River watershed, NY, USA Depth to bedrock determined from passive seismic measurements, Neversink River watershed, NY (USA) Main channel river water temperature collected along the East Branch, West Branch, and mainstem Delaware River near Handcock, NY, USA in summer 2021 Thermal infrared images and direct temperature measurements of groundwater discharge zones throughout the Farmington River watershed (Connecticut and Massachusetts) Biogeochemical and source characteristics of preferential groundwater discharge in the Farmington River watershed (Connecticut and Massachusetts, 2017 - 2021) Thermal infrared images of groundwater discharge zones in the Farmington and Housatonic River watersheds (Connecticut and Massachusetts, 2019)(ver. 3.0, January 2023)