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The 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption and accompanying summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, comprised one of the most impactful events on the volcano in the past 200 years, with hundreds of homes destroyed and major changes in the topography of the summit caldera. The opening stages of this eruptive sequence started on 30 April, when a magmatic dike began moving east from Puʻuʻōʻō, a cone with a central crater that was the vent region for Kīlauea’s 35-year middle East Rift Zone eruption starting in 1983. The rapid migration of magma from beneath Puʻuʻōʻō caused its crater floor to drop over 300 m. This data release includes a three-dimensional model of Puʻuʻōʻō and the collapse crater, constructed...
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During 2018, Kīlauea Volcano, on the Island of Hawaiʻi, had a large effusive eruption (~1 cubic kilometer of lava) on the lower East Rift Zone that caused widespread destruction (Neal and others, 2019; Dietterich and others, 2021). This lower flank eruption was accompanied by one of the largest collapses of the summit caldera in two hundred years, with portions of the caldera floor subsiding more than 500 m (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019). On July 25, 2019, approximately one year after the summit collapse sequence, a small pond of water was first observed in the deepest portion of the collapse pit, within Halemaʻumaʻu crater (Nadeau and others, 2020). The water level rose gradually over the...
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Mineral compositions are reported for Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Matan volcanic center, northern Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia. Compositions were measured by wavelength-dispersive methods with the 5-spectrometer JEOL-8900 electron microprobe at the USGS facility in Menlo Park, California; background-corrected X-ray intensities were reduced to oxide weight concentrations with the JEOL proprietary version of the CITZAF reduction schema. These results are part of a collaborative study by the U.S. Geological Survey and Saudi Geological survey to assess the volcanic and seismic hazards associated with the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field.
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Data in this release record ground-surface positions obtained during post-disaster emergency response following the 2014 catastrophic Oso (SR 530) landslide, Snohomish County, Washington. Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected using three USGS GPS-seismometer spider units deployed adjacent to (OSO1), upslope of (OSO2), and on (OSO3) the landslide (see image for locations) for about five weeks. Details of the post-disaster response as well as the spider units are described in the accompanying publication. Positions were determined in near real-time relative to a base-station GPS receiver (OSO0) located on stable ground less than 2 km from the landslide using static, differential GPS processing techniques....
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La Soufrière Volcano is a 1,220 m high stratovolcano that occupies the northern half of the island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles, Eastern Caribbean. It has a long history of explosive and sometimes devastating eruptions. Beginning in December 2020 and ending in April 2021, La Soufrière Volcano produced a Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI) 4 eruption that greatly impacted the landscape, communities, and infrastructure on the island of St. Vincent. The eruption produced intense ash plumes, heavy ashfall, and pyroclastic flows down several river valleys. During and following the eruption, destructive lahars (volcanic mudflows) impacted rivers valleys and coastal communities for months. The USGS-USAID Volcano Disaster...
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The Shady Rest thermal area (SRST) is characterized by elevated soil temperatures and CO2 emissions and associated vegetation kill. The site is located about 3 km northwest of the Casa Diablo geothermal power plant at Mammoth Lakes, California. The elevated soil temperatures and CO2 emissions are related to changes in the shallow hydrothermal system caused by geothermal fluid production. During late 2006 changes at the Casa Diablo geothermal power plant included installation of 2 new production wells near SRST. Fluid production from these wells resulted in the expansion of areas of existing thermal ground, development of new thermal ground and an increase in the number of tree kills. Between 2006 and 2019 the USGS...
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The youngest and largest island in the State of Hawaii—the Island of Hawai‘i—is formed by five volcanoes, three of which have erupted within recent geologic history: Mauna Loa, Kīlauea, and Hualālai. This data release provides a chronology for activity and impacts at Mauna Loa, Kīlauea, and Hualālai over approximately the past two and a half centuries. This data release includes a word document, “HI_volcanoes_chronology_description,” that describes the data compilation process and provides simple summary tables of eruptive activity and maps. A CSV file contains the compiled eruption chronology data for all volcanoes—"HI_volcanoes_chronology_data”—references for which are provided in a separate CSV file titled “HI_volcanoes_chronology_references.”...
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Tiltmeter data from station Jonika Flow (JKA) used in the publication "Pre-existing ground cracks as lava flow pathways at Kīlauea in 2014" by Tim R. Orr, Edward W. Llewellin, Kyle R. Anderson, and Matthew R. Patrick. These data were collected in 2014 by Asta Miklius of the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
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Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These events included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, with the camera providing a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the...
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These data are microgravity measurements collected at the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Data are collected using multiple instruments, with each file representing measurements from a specific instrument during a specific time period. The data dictionary explains the file format and contents, and the dataset will be updated as new measurements are collected.
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The Long Valley Caldera in eastern California formed about 760,000 years ago following the eruption of ~600 km3 of high-silica rhyolite. The Long Valley volcanic-hydrothermal system contains sufficient heat to support the Casa Diablo binary geothermal power plant sited on the margin of the resurgent dome. Present day volcanic activity is evidenced by periods of seismicity and deformation and the presence of magmatic volatiles in thermal fluids. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) uses a variety of techniques to monitor the volcanic system that underlies the Long Valley Caldera. Monitoring data include measurements of seismicity and deformation and chemical analyses of thermal waters and gases that are emitted at...
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This Data Release contains continuous gravity records from two instruments on Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi: the HOVL gravimeter, located on the east rim of Halemaʻumaʻu Crater directly above the 2008-2018 summit eruptive vent, and the PUOC gravimeter, located on northern rim of Puʻu ʻŌʻō crater on Kīlauea’s East Rift Zone. Both instruments were collocated with GNSS stations. The HOVL gravimeter was installed in 2010 and operated until 2018, when it was destroyed by summit collapse. The PUOC gravimeter was installed in 2013 and operated until 2018, when it was removed following the cessation of eruptive activity at Puʻu ʻŌʻō. Although both gravimeters have data gaps of varying lengths owing to equipment outages, the...
This Data Release includes results of repeated leveling surveys each summer from 2002 to 2006 and in 2008 along two short traverses in the Three Sisters Wilderness Area, central Oregon Cascade Range. A data dictionary explains the file format and contents. The dataset will be updated if new measurements are collected, which is unlikely unless there is a significant change in the rate or pattern of activity observed to date. This Data Release includes results of repeated leveling surveys each summer from 2002 to 2006 and in 2008 along two short traverses in the Three Sisters Wilderness, central Oregon Cascade Range. The surveys were part of an undertaking by the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory to monitor an episode...
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This data release includes documentation of rock core recovered from three shallow holes drilled during the summer of 2000 into the flanks of Mauna Loa volcano, on the Island of Hawai‘i, Hawaii. Holes were drilled to accommodate installation of U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory volcano-monitoring instruments in the year 2000. Rock core recovered from the holes, which extend 112–119 m (367–392 ft) below the ground surface, were logged to characterize the sub-surface local geology. Core are described by depth below the ground surface, lithologic unit type and class, phenocryst type and abundance, groundmass type, vesicle abundance, morphology, and distribution, alteration, fracturing, and unit contacts....
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In May 2018, the onset of new eruptive activity on the lower flank of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, accompanied the draining of the lava lake at the summit, 40 km upslope. The lava lake draining lasted over seven days, and transitioned into the largest collapse event at the summit of Kīlauea in over 200 years, with the paired flank and summit activity marking a historic episode in the modern record of Kīlauea. We present two important datasets that characterize draining of the Kīlauea summit lava lake in 2018. First, we present high-precision elevation data of the lava lake surface measured by an industrial laser rangefinder. To our knowledge, this is the highest-precision lava lake elevation data ever collected over...
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The Harrat Rahat volcanic field, located in the west-central part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is the largest of 15 harrats (Arabic for 'volcanic field') hosted within the Arabian plate. Harrat Rahat is 50 to 75 km wide (east-west) and 300 km long (north-south), covering an area of approximately 20,000 square kilometers and encompassing more than 900 observable vents. The overall map area and its dataset show the volcanic geology of the northern part (about 3,340 square kilometers) of Harrat Rahat, at a scale of 1:75,000. Two additional map areas and their feature classes highlight areas of interest at 1:25,000 scale. Northern Harrat Rahat is of interest owing to the location of the city of Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah...
Model output to accompany the paper "Comparing Simulations of Umbrella-Cloud Growth and Ash Transport with Observations from Pinatubo, Kelud, and Calbuco Volcanoes", by L.G. Mastin and Alexa Van Eaton, published by the journal Atmosphere. The data release includes model input and output used to generate figures in the paper. Reference:: Mastin, L.G., and Van Eaton, A.R., 2020, Comparing Simulations of Umbrella-Cloud Growth and Ash Transport with Observations from Pinatubo, Kelud, and Calbuco Volcanoes: Atmosphere, v. 11, no. 10, p. 1038. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/10/1038
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Alamagan Volcano is a Quaternary stratovolcano along the Mariana Arc, an active subduction zone in the western Pacific Ocean. Although primarily submerged, its peak reaches above sea level, with subaerially-exposed volcanic deposits dating back through the Holocene to the late Pleistocene. These feature data represent such deposits and other geologic features of Alamagan Volcano, describing its interpreted eruptive history.
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This data release includes measurements of the surface elevation of the lava lake within Halemaʻumaʻu crater, at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, during the 2008-2018 summit eruption (Patrick and others, 2021). The data were measured by several instruments (laser rangefinder, webcams, lidar) and are compiled here to provide the most complete dataset yet available on the elevation of Kīlauea’s 2008-2018 summit lava lake. The measurement intervals range from 1 s to 1 day, with most of the 9-year period covered by hourly measurements. The dataset begins with daily measurements of the emergent lake in 2009 and 2010. After 2010, continuous lake activity was tracked with hourly measurements of lava level that continued...
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These data are derived from the Pleistocene Sacarosa tephra-fall deposit (TFD) which erupted from Misti volcano, Arequipa, southern Peru. The deposit represents a major eruption of Misti and these data are used to characterize the deposit. The radiocarbon ages are from units bracketing the Sacarosa TFD and constrain its eruption age. Whole-rock major and trace element concentrations for Sacarosa pumice were determined by X-ray flourescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Density was measured for 89 pumice from six bulk samples of the Sacarosa TFD. These data are provided as part of an effort to characterize the Sacarosa TFD and determine its eruption age.
map background search result map search result map Repeat microgravity data from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Lava level and crater geometry data during the 2018 lava lake draining at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii Database for the geologic map of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Digital database of the geologic map of Alamagan Volcano, northern Mariana Islands CO2 flux and soil temperature measurements at the Shady Rest thermal area, Mammoth Lakes, California, 2010-2019 Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020 Observations and model simulations of umbrella-cloud growth during eruptions of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines, June 15, 1991), Kelud Volcano (Indonesia, February 14, 2014), and Calbuco Volcano (Chile, April 22-23, 2015) Continuous gravity data from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi Crater geometry data for Puʻuʻōʻō, on Kīlauea Volcano’s East Rift Zone, in May 2018 Elevation of the lava lake in Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, from 2009 to 2018 Compositional data on gases collected at fumaroles, hot springs, and gas vents across the Long Valley Caldera, California, 1994 – 2020 Results of repeated leveling surveys near the Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon, 2002-2008 GPS monitoring data from spider units on the post-disaster 2014 Oso landslide, Snohomish County, Washington Thermal camera data for the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, 2019–2022 Electron microprobe data for plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, and spinel in volcanic rocks from the Matan volcanic center located within the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Core logs from three shallow holes drilled in summer 2000 into the flanks of Mauna Loa volcano, Island of Hawai‘i, Hawaii Chronology of recent volcanic activity on the Island of Hawai‘i, Hawaii Radiocarbon ages, whole-rock geochemical data, and pumice density measurements for the Sacarosa tephra-fall deposit, Misti volcano, southern Peru Tiltmeter data from Kīlauea’s East Rift Zone station JKA from August 1 to September 15, 2014 Airborne lidar survey of St Vincent, Eastern Caribbean, following the 2020-21 eruption of La Soufrière Volcano CO2 flux and soil temperature measurements at the Shady Rest thermal area, Mammoth Lakes, California, 2010-2019 GPS monitoring data from spider units on the post-disaster 2014 Oso landslide, Snohomish County, Washington Thermal camera data for the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, 2019–2022 Results of repeated leveling surveys near the Three Sisters volcanic center, central Oregon, 2002-2008 Elevation of the lava lake in Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, from 2009 to 2018 Lava level and crater geometry data during the 2018 lava lake draining at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii Digital database of the geologic map of Alamagan Volcano, northern Mariana Islands Repeat microgravity data from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020 Continuous gravity data from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi Compositional data on gases collected at fumaroles, hot springs, and gas vents across the Long Valley Caldera, California, 1994 – 2020 Crater geometry data for Puʻuʻōʻō, on Kīlauea Volcano’s East Rift Zone, in May 2018 Airborne lidar survey of St Vincent, Eastern Caribbean, following the 2020-21 eruption of La Soufrière Volcano Tiltmeter data from Kīlauea’s East Rift Zone station JKA from August 1 to September 15, 2014 Radiocarbon ages, whole-rock geochemical data, and pumice density measurements for the Sacarosa tephra-fall deposit, Misti volcano, southern Peru Electron microprobe data for plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene, and spinel in volcanic rocks from the Matan volcanic center located within the Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Core logs from three shallow holes drilled in summer 2000 into the flanks of Mauna Loa volcano, Island of Hawai‘i, Hawaii Database for the geologic map of the northern Harrat Rahat volcanic field, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Chronology of recent volcanic activity on the Island of Hawai‘i, Hawaii Observations and model simulations of umbrella-cloud growth during eruptions of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines, June 15, 1991), Kelud Volcano (Indonesia, February 14, 2014), and Calbuco Volcano (Chile, April 22-23, 2015)