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Synopsis: This study evaluates whether previous observations of a higher percentage of parasitism and parasitoid diversity in a complex agricultural landscape, relative to a simple landscape, represent a general phenomenon. Rates of parasitism and parasitoid diversity of the armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta) were assessed in three replicate (Onondaga, Ingham, and Benton) regions in southern Michigan. Within each region, a simple landscape (primarily cropland) and a complex landscape (cropland intermixed with mid and late successional noncrop habitats) were identified through analysis of aerial photographs. In each landscape, three maize fields were selected, and second to fourth instar P. unipuncta were released...
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Conclusions: Report presents a framework for assessing the condition of Southern Alberta’s natural assets and their ability to provide ecosystem goods and services. Measurable indicators of ecosystem services, including broad and fine scale landscape indicators, were also distilled from a literature review. Thresholds/Learnings: Wetland cover should be maintained at >15% for watersheds with high potential for phosphorus loading & eutrophication. Impervious cover should be maintained at or below 25% in heavily urbanizing watersheds. Synopsis: This report develops a framework for assessing the condition of Southern Alberta’s natural assets and their resulting ability to provide ecosystem goods and services. The...
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Esta sección le ofrece seis sistemas de consulta geográfica y un módulo de solicitud de imágenes satelitales: Mosaico nacional de imágenes Muestra un continuo nacional de imágenes de satélite, formado por alrededor de 811 imágenes de 60 por 60 kilómetros, con resolución espacial de 2.5 metros. Mapas dinámicos Le permite explotar la base de datos agropecuaria y pesquera SIACON para generar sus propios mapas tematizados, seleccionando áreas específicas y manipulando capas de datos para ellas. Zonas áridas Sistema que ofrece información sobre las zonas climáticas en México, poniendo énfasis en los productos no maderables característicos de las zonas áridas. Infraestructura del sector agroalimentario Le presenta información...
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The agricultural areas of the Mountain States have created a substantial drain on the water resources of this region. Northern Montana stands out as an area of very high risk for fish habitat degradation on the few streams and rivers in the area. This threatened area is principally comprised of row crops, such as wheat, barley, and alfalfa production, and cattle farms. Other areas of high risk of habitat degradation, such as southern Idaho and northeastern Colorado, correspond to areas with a high density of row crops, typically corn and wheat, cattle farms, alfalfa and potato (particularly in Idaho) production, and rangeland. Farms and ranches dependent on irrigation require large amounts of water diverted from...
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Synopsis: Synthesizes information on a range of tools for reducing the footprint of human use, with an intended focus on public lands and associated natural resources. Implementation considerations and links to other resources are provided. Many tools are related either directly or indirectly to landscape patterns. For example, the section on “Disturbance Standards, Limits, or Thresholds” provides guidance and case study examples of pattern-based threshold establishment and implementation considerations in Alberta, California, and Australia. Many other Integrated Land Management tools outlined also relate directly or indirectly to landscape patterns and techniques for their management. Selected examples under the...
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Conclusions: Few species were in fact influenced by grassland amount or fragmentation. In contrast, distance to edge and local vegetation characteristics had significant effects on densities and nest success of many species. Thresholds/Learnings: Great Plains toads thrive when >75% of the landscape is composed of native prairie components (i.e. shrubs, graminoids, riparian areas, lakes, wetlands, and trees) . Synopsis: In Alberta, Great Plains toads are found in the dry mixed grass of the southeastern corner of the province. Typical breeding habitat tends to be in shallow ponds with relatively fresh, clear water in sandy soil. In this report habitat suitability was evaluated for the Great Plains toad according...
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Wheat, corn, and soybeans are some of the primary crops grown in the Northern Plains States. About 8.5 million acres, one-fourth of the state’s land area, are used to grow wheat in North Dakota. In areas of intense cultivation, streams are often channelized for irrigation, reducing their habitat value for fish as temperature, in-channel cover, and stream flow are significantly changed. In addition, watersheds dominated by row-crop agriculture discharge excess sediment and nutrients to downstream waters. Agricultural water withdrawal was also one of the most limiting disturbances identified in this assessment. A large number of groundwater wells in the Nemaha River basin in southeast Nebraska, an area dominated by...
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Conclusions: Valleys are the only areas capable of sustaining sufficient habitat for the butterfly species, Weidemeyer's Admiral. Consequently, all other areas (i.e. plains, uplands, benches, escarpments, plateaus) were deemed unsuitable. Additionally, areas devoid of shrub cover did not meet the habitat requirements of this specialized species. Thresholds/Learnings: Synopsis: Two variables were selected to model potential habitat for the butterfly species, Weidemeyer's Admiral. Topographical features derived from the Agricultural Region of Alberta Soils Inventory Database (AGRASID) and percent shrub cover derived from the Native Prairie Vegetation Baseline Inventory developed by Alberta Environment were used to...
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Conclusions: Summarizes findings from a review of literature intended to identify critical thresholds for conservation based in empirical studies of landscape fragmentation. Presents a conceptual overview of landscape fragmentation and habitat loss, as well as guidelines and thresholds relating to landscape indicators such as patch size, habitat amount, edge effects, riparian buffers, and habitat connectivity. Thresholds/Learnings: Many. See Kennedy et al. 2003. Synopsis: This report summarizes findings from a review of literature intended to identify critical thresholds for conservation based in empirical studies of landscape fragmentation. In presenting a conceptual overview of landscape fragmentation and habitat...
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El cambio climático es un problema con características únicas, ya que es de naturaleza global, sus impactos mayores serán en el largo plazo e involucra interacciones complejas entre procesos naturales (fenómenos ecológicos y climáticos) y procesos sociales, económicos y políticos a escala mundial. Dada la importancia del tema, el Instituto Nacional de Ecología, como parte de su misión de generar y difundir información científica y técnica sobre problemas ambientales prioritarios solicitó a un grupo de especialistas de diversas disciplinas que contribuyeran a este libro aportando y compartiendo sus conocimientos y experiencias sobre los aspectos científicos, sociales, económicos e institucionales del cambio climático....
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Wheat and corn are the two most commonly grown crops in Kansas and Oklahoma and zones with a high risk of habitat degradation in eastern Kansas and Oklahoma correspond to areas of these and other row crops. Texas grew 6.2 million acres of cotton in 2014-15 predominately in the panhandle region, which was projected to be at high risk of fish habitat deterioration. Nutrient runoff from crop fields from all southern plains states not only affects local streams but eventually ends up in estuaries and the Gulf of Mexico. This high-nutrient runoff contributes to a low oxygen dead zone which annually averages over 5,000 square miles in size in the northern Gulf of Mexico and causes fish kills.
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Since European settlement, the wide coastal plain of the Southeast Atlantic states has been used for large agricultural operations producing soybeans, corn, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, and many other agricultural products. Recently, farmers have intensively planted more acreage with soybeans and corn, which is in part due to the biofuel demand. Increasing use of irrigation for these row crops has changed water flow (hydrology) in many of the region’s streams. Intensive hog and chicken farming have expanded as well. Improperly managed runoff from farms contributes excess sediments and nutrients to streams, which interferes with fish spawning, can lead to potentially harmful algal blooms, and can cause fish kills from...
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Almost 46 percent of the land in Hawaii is agricultural and includes most of coastal Kaua’i, western Maui, and the perimeter of the island of Hawai’i, which are areas assessed to be at high risk of aquatic habitat degradation. The dominant agricultural products are corn, vegetables, nuts, potted and landscape plants, and cattle. Poor farming practices lead to excessive sedimentation due to open, cultivated soil being exposed to erosion from rainfall and cattle overgrazing and trampling stream banks. The United States Department of Agriculture reported that nearly 5 tons/acre of soil eroded from agricultural land in Hawaii during 2012, an amount that is similar to Central Midwest. Sediment transported from agricultural...
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Agriculture was highly influential on the fish habitat assessment of the Pacific Coastal States. One of the broadest areas implicated is the California Central Valley that extends 450 miles from Redding to Bakersfield. This region grows a wide variety of row crops and fruit trees and supports abundant cattle and dairy farms. Another region of very high risk is Willamette Valley in Oregon, where crops such as berries, vegetables, sod, and vineyards are grown. Silviculture, particularly large-scale timber clearcuts, is another significant agricultural practice in this area. Also at high risk are aquatic habitats in eastern Washington between Spokane and Walla Walla, where wheat, hay, potatoes and apples are the dominant...
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Agriculture is the primary land use in these states. A wide variety of row crops are grown throughout the region and there is also a substantial amount of managed industrial forests. Dominant crops are soybeans and corn in Louisiana, peanuts and cotton in Mississippi and Alabama, and citrus and sugarcane in Florida. Cattle farms are common in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Rice is a major commodity in Louisiana and Mississippi. Aquaculture is also a significant practice in all four states and can alter wetland habitat, water flow patterns, and discharges nutrients into these systems. Phosphate mining (for fertilizer) in wetland areas throughout Florida has interrupted natural water flow and breaks in retention...
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Corn, soybeans, other row crops, and dairy farms dominate the landscape across southern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Most of the agricultural activity in this region came at the expense of the large wetland complexes and woodlots that were found across the landscape in this region.Tile drains have been used extensively throughout the region and have turned streams and wetlands into drainage ditches, devoid of fish habitat. These drainage systems have completely altered stream flow patterns (hydrology), increasing watershed-wide peak discharge events that have destabilized downstream river reaches and decreased baseflows, in these areas. These changes in water flow patterns have created higher bank erosion...
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Conclusions: Areas for roosting are likely the most limiting factor for the Western Small-footed Myotis. Unlike various other bats, this myotis does not roost in trees, but rather under rocks, and in holes and crevices found in rock outcrops within cliffs and coulees. Summer roosts can be found in cavities within cliffs, boulders, vertical banks, the ground, and talus slopes. Distance to water was also a significant factor affecting habitat suitability Thresholds/Learnings: Habitat for western small-footed myotis bats is ideally located within 1000m of water. Habitat located >3000m from water is deemed unsuitable. Synopsis: Areas for roosting are likely the most limiting factor for the Western Small-footed Myotis....
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Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio constitute the majority of what is known as the Corn Belt, the most intensive agricultural region in the U.S. with corn and soybeans as the predominant crops. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture 61 percent of the acreage of the Central Midwest region was cropland in 2012. The corn and soybean is fed to livestock, making this a key area for the production of hogs, chickens, and cattle. The production of ethanol as a fuel additive has greatly increased corn production and Conservation Reserve Program land has increasingly become farmed again as agricultural commodity prices have increased from increased product demand. Runoff and drainage from agricultural fields and...
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Kentucky and Missouri rank in the top five states in the number of farms. Cattle and poultry are the most common livestock in the region and corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, and rice are among the most frequently grown crops. Rice farming is the dominant agriculture in southeast Missouri and northeastern Arkansas, an area of high risk of stream degradation. Nearly 66 percent of Missouri is farmed and north Missouri, another high risk area, is predominately cattle farms, row crops, and hay fields. Cattle farms account for increased risk of habitat degradation in central and east Tennessee as well as Southern Kentucky. Runoff from agricultural fields carries sediment, fertilizers, and pesticides into tributaries...
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Synopsis: Agronomic intensification has transformed many agricultural landscapes into expansive monocultures with little natural habitat. A pervasive concern is that such landscape simplification results in an increase in insect pest pressure, and thus an increased need for insecticides. We tested this hypothesis across a range of cropping systems in the Midwestern United States, using remotely sensed land cover data, data from a national census of farm management practices, and data from a regional crop pest monitoring network. We found that, independent of several other factors, the proportion of harvested cropland treated with insecticides increased with the proportion and patch size of cropland and decreased...
map background search result map search result map Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus) Western Small-footed Myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum ciliolabrum) Weidemeyer's Admiral Conservation Thresholds for Land Use Planners Ecosystem Goods and Services Southern Alberta Assessment of Natural Asset Condition Integrated Land Management Tools Compendium Does agricultural landscape structure affect parasistism and parasitoid diversity? Agricultural landscape simplification and insecticide use in the Midwestern United States. Cambio climático Información Geoespacial Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Southeast Atlantic States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Southern Plains States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Hawaii Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Central Mississippi River States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Eastern Gulf of Mexico States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Upper Midwest States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Pacific Coast States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Central Midwest States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Mountain States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Northern Plains States Does agricultural landscape structure affect parasistism and parasitoid diversity? Ecosystem Goods and Services Southern Alberta Assessment of Natural Asset Condition Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Southeast Atlantic States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Northern Plains States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Central Midwest States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Central Mississippi River States Great Plains Toad (Bufo cognatus) Western Small-footed Myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum ciliolabrum) Integrated Land Management Tools Compendium Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Upper Midwest States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Eastern Gulf of Mexico States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Pacific Coast States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Mountain States Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Southern Plains States Agricultural landscape simplification and insecticide use in the Midwestern United States. Description of Agriculture as a Human Activity Affecting Fish Habitat in Hawaii Cambio climático Información Geoespacial Conservation Thresholds for Land Use Planners