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Historical pictures and accounts document the substantial decline of Alligator Gar ( Atractosteus spatula) throughout its range. A number of factors likely contributed to the decline, including angler overharvest and habitat loss resulting from dredging and damming southern rivers. Alligator Gar was a highly sought sport and commercial fish by some but was targeted for eradication or control by others as a “trash fish.” Studies in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana have shown that the Alligator Gar is susceptible to overfishing. It has been classified as rare in Missouri, threatened in Illinois, and endangered in Arkansas and Kentucky, and is expected to soon to be classified as endangered in Tennessee. Populations...
The Blackbanded Sunfish ( Enneacanthus chaetodon) inhabits acidic swamps, backwaters, and ponds. Although once a widespread species, it is disappearing from much of its former range. Forest clearing, loss of beavers, liming of farm fields, and stream channelization have reduced the amount of habitat available for this rare species.
Partnerships - Western Native Trout Initiative, Reservoir Fisheries Habitat Partnership, Desert Fish Habitat Partnership, and Great Plains Fish Habitat Partnership Partners removed 11 barriers and reconnected over 112 miles of native trout streams and river habitat and improved instream flow in 45 miles of streams. Installed four barriers to protect native trout from competition, predation, and interbreeding with introduced species. Funded 26 population assessments that provided valuable information for the management of native trout in the Mountain States. Cooperated on a critical project for Greenback Cutthroat Trout to place in-stream structures to restore pool habitat, stabilize eroding stream banks, remove...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
MountainRegion,
MountainStates,
PartnershipActivities
Since European settlement, the wide coastal plain of the Southeast Atlantic states has been used for large agricultural operations producing soybeans, corn, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, and many other agricultural products. Recently, farmers have intensively planted more acreage with soybeans and corn, which is in part due to the biofuel demand. Increasing use of irrigation for these row crops has changed water flow (hydrology) in many of the region’s streams. Intensive hog and chicken farming have expanded as well. Improperly managed runoff from farms contributes excess sediments and nutrients to streams, which interferes with fish spawning, can lead to potentially harmful algal blooms, and can cause fish kills from...
Mining efforts in the Northeastern States contributed to the high risk scores of network catchments in the 2015 inland assessment. The very high risk region of southern Maine and central New Hampshire has a concentration of active and legacy mines. Sand, gravel and rock are dominant mining products in that area, along with heavy metals such as lead, zinc, and tungsten which also actively mined. The high risk area along both sides of the Connecticut River between Vermont and New Hampshire contains a large number of mines, which predominately excavate sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, molybdenum, and beryllium. Limestone is heavily mined along the western border of Vermont as well as along the I-90 corridor in New York,...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
HumanActivity,
Mining,
NortheasternRegion,
NortheasternStates
The landscape of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico States ranges from the plateaus and highlands of northern Alabama to the coastal marshes along the Gulf, with the dominant inland forest type being pine and oak forests. This variety of habitats allows for a high diversity of fish species as evidenced by Alabama alone being home to more than 450 fish species. Over 64 percent of the inland fish habitat of Eastern Gulf Coast states is estimated to be at low or very low risk of degradation. While only 19 percent of the stream area in this region was estimated to be at high or very high risk, factors that threaten aquatic resources in the region are diverse and significant areas have been substantially altered as a result...
Water projects that include large dams and water withdrawal systems alter seasonal and daily water flows (hydrology) and water temperatures, adversely affecting desert species that are adapted to the natural cycles in this region. Combined with water diversions for domestic and agricultural use, drought conditions from 2010 to 2015 in the Southwest adversely affected all desert aquatic habitats. Large rivers in the Southwest states, such as the Colorado River and the Rio Grande, have been greatly affected by the construction of dams and diversions that: interfere with fish migration; alter in-stream habitat characteristics including sediment and woody debris movement; change water quality and temperature; reduce...
Several species of riparian plants including the non-native red mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle) and hau bush ( Hibiscus tiliaceus) proliferated along lower stream channels and estuary banks, disrupting energy flow in affected systems (a key fish habitat process). These invasive plants excessively shade estuarine shorelines, add large amounts of decomposing leaf litter that reduces water quality, create physical barriers to fish and invertebrate migration, and displace native fish and bird species. A pilot project in Wai ‘Opae, Hawai’i evaluated if red mangrove could be controlled and ultimately eradicated 20 acres of this plant. A cooperative Partnership project was initiated in 2015 to remove a large stand of invasive...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Hawaii,
HawaiiRegion,
HumanActivity,
InvasiveVegetation
The Missouri River is the longest river (2,341 miles or 3,767 kilometers) in North America and, in this region, forms the boundary of South Dakota and Nebraska and, after being joined by the James River from the north, forms the Iowa/Nebraska boundary. The longest tributary of the Missouri is the Platte River (310 main-stem miles (499 kilometers) and 1,050 miles (1,690 kilometers) including the longest main tributary), which joins from the west. Nebraska has the largest aquifer (underground lake/water supply) in the United States, the Ogalala aquifer, and has more subsurface groundwater reserves than any other State in the continental United States. Nebraska’s name originates from an Oto Indian word meaning “flat...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Facts,
NorthernPlainsRegion,
NorthernPlainsStates
Aquatic vegetation is the key to Bridle Shiner (Notropis bifrenatus) survival. The loss of aquatic vegetation makes this species vulnerable to predation, often by piscivorous fishes. Land use practices that increase turbidity also affect this visual predator.
Almost 46 percent of the land in Hawaii is agricultural and includes most of coastal Kaua’i, western Maui, and the perimeter of the island of Hawai’i, which are areas assessed to be at high risk of aquatic habitat degradation. The dominant agricultural products are corn, vegetables, nuts, potted and landscape plants, and cattle. Poor farming practices lead to excessive sedimentation due to open, cultivated soil being exposed to erosion from rainfall and cattle overgrazing and trampling stream banks. The United States Department of Agriculture reported that nearly 5 tons/acre of soil eroded from agricultural land in Hawaii during 2012, an amount that is similar to Central Midwest. Sediment transported from agricultural...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Agriculture,
Hawaii,
HawaiiRegion,
HumanActivity
Agriculture is limited in the desert states but numerous hay fields, cotton and vegetable farms along the Colorado River near Parker, Arizona, and alfalfa and row crops in southwest of Reno, Nevada are located in areas estimated to pose high risk of fish habitat degradation. The agricultural areas of the desert states continue to demand more water from an over-allocated regional water supply. Farms dependent on irrigation and ever growing urban populations use increasing amounts of water diverted from streams and rivers, leaving less water for fish and other aquatic life and impairing connectivity of their habitats. Fragile and unique spring systems are drying up due to development of groundwater, as well as through...
Over 10,000 dams impound rivers and streams in the three Southeast Atlantic states. North Carolina has over 5,600 dams and barriers on 17,000 stream miles, many of which are old and obsolete structures. There is an average of one barrier structure every three miles. The state also ranks second in the number of high-hazard dams, which can negatively affect the safety of the citizens of North Carolina and aquatic species. These dams impede movements of many native river resident species, such as Brook Trout and Shoal Bass, but also restrict migrations of marine fish that rely on rivers for various life stages, including Striped Bass, Atlantic Sturgeon, American Shad, American Eels, and river herring. In many cases,...
A. Pervasive disturbances: The most common disturbances based on total stream length in a given region. Top five overall most pervasive disturbances to all stream reaches, regardless of stream size and across all spatial scales (ranked highest first): Impervious surface cover Pasture and hay land use Population density Road density Low intensity urban land use Top three most pervasive disturbances to creeks (<100 km 2 watersheds) across all spatial scales : Impervious surface cover Population density Road density Top three most pervasive disturbances to rivers (>100 km 2 watersheds) across all spatial scales : Pasture and hay land use Upstream dam density Mine density. Top five most pervasive disturbances...
Agriculture was highly influential on the fish habitat assessment of the Pacific Coastal States. One of the broadest areas implicated is the California Central Valley that extends 450 miles from Redding to Bakersfield. This region grows a wide variety of row crops and fruit trees and supports abundant cattle and dairy farms. Another region of very high risk is Willamette Valley in Oregon, where crops such as berries, vegetables, sod, and vineyards are grown. Silviculture, particularly large-scale timber clearcuts, is another significant agricultural practice in this area. Also at high risk are aquatic habitats in eastern Washington between Spokane and Walla Walla, where wheat, hay, potatoes and apples are the dominant...
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Agriculture,
HumanActivity,
PacificCoastRegion,
PacificCoastStates
The Topeka Shiner ( Notropis topeka ) requires prairie streams or oxbows that have good water quality and cool to moderate temperatures. Land practices that increase siltation, such as agricultural use, clear-cut logging, urban development, and intensive grazing, have negatively affected this fish species which is now listed as endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act. Excessive sedimentation from poorly planned and controlled human development covers fish eggs, reduces instream cover, and fills in gravel areas needed for feeding.
The Sacramento River represents by far the largest population of returning Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). There are four distinct spawning runs of Chinook Salmon; fall, late fall, winter, and spring. Historically, maximum spawning runs in the Central Valley approached 2 million salmon including: 100,000 late-fall fish; 200,000 winter fish; 700,000 spring fish; and 900,000 early fall fish. Current spawning sizes are a fragment of historic numbers and some of the spawning runs are listed stocks under the Federal Endangered Species Act. In 2009, total Chinook Salmon spawning populations were fewer than 69,000 salmon including: 50,000 fall fish; 10,000 late-fall fish; 3,800 spring fish; and 4,700 winter...
Although Alaska has substantial intact habitats, issues quickly appear in areas associated with development. The Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) requires large intact reaches of river to thrive. Some populations are stressed in developed areas as a result of habitat loss due to poorly designed road crossings that fragment streams along with poorly conducted mining, agricultural, and forestry practices.
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: 2015,
Alaska,
AlaskaRegion,
FishWithHabitatTrouble
Agriculture is the primary land use in these states. A wide variety of row crops are grown throughout the region and there is also a substantial amount of managed industrial forests. Dominant crops are soybeans and corn in Louisiana, peanuts and cotton in Mississippi and Alabama, and citrus and sugarcane in Florida. Cattle farms are common in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Rice is a major commodity in Louisiana and Mississippi. Aquaculture is also a significant practice in all four states and can alter wetland habitat, water flow patterns, and discharges nutrients into these systems. Phosphate mining (for fertilizer) in wetland areas throughout Florida has interrupted natural water flow and breaks in retention...
Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) is the largest species (maximum weight between 300-400 lbs.), longest lived (50-year-olds are common but can reach over 100 years in age), and among the slowest maturing species (first reproduction is between 15-25 years old) found in the Great Lakes region. Historically, this species had populations that numbered in the millions basin-wide but had been reduced to remnant populations by 1920 from overharvest; habitat destruction from river channel alteration, landscape scale logging, and pollution from industrialization; and barrier construction. The Lake Sturgeon requires clean rock substrates for spawning and often undertakes long migrations to complete its life history. Although...
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