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Electric and magnetic fields were measured during the summer of 1998 in south-central Ontario within the business district of 60 communities, ranging in size from 1000 to 2.3 million people. The mean magnetic flux density for the 60 communities was 5.8 mG. Communities with larger populations generally had higher magnetic flux densities than those with smaller populations.Communities with populations above 100 000, between 50 000 and 100 000, between 10 000 and 50 000, and less than 10 000 had mean magnetic flux densities of 14, 7, 4 and 2.4 mG, respectively. The city of Kingston, population 123 000, had the highest mean magnetic flux density (47 mG) while Burks Falls, population 1000, had the lowest (0.8 mG).Mor...
Climate change policy involving a price on carbon would change the mix of power plants and the amount of water they withdraw and consume to generate electricity. We analyze what these changes could entail for electricity generation in the United States under four climate policy scenarios that involve different costs for emitting CO2 and different technology options for reducing emissions out to the year 2030. The potential impacts of the scenarios on the U.S. electric system are modeled using a modified version of the U.S. National Energy Modeling System and water-use factors for thermoelectric power plants derived from electric utility data compiled by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Under all the climate-policy...
Many governments, firms, institutions and individuals have become increasingly cognizant of their impact on the environment, most notably with respect to global climate change. Coupled with the possibility of future regulations aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions, firms and institutions have begun to critically evaluate their own carbon footprint. This paper examines the preferences of stakeholders within a large academic institution for attributes of alternative greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction strategies. The attributes considered by constituents include: the fuel portfolio mix, effort for conserving energy use, carbon emissions reduction, timeframe for emissions reduction to be achieved and cost. We use a...