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ABSTRACT: The Upper Colorado River Basin contains appreciable amounts of undeveloped fuel resources. Large quantities of oil shale, coal, and uranium have attracted recent economic and commercial interests. Development of these resources and subsequent conversion to alternative energy forms require an adequate supply of water. Water use for large scale energy development will place increasing demands on an already overstressed allocation of Colorado River water. Present water quality is at a concentration where increased salinity will result in economic detriments to holders of downstream water rights. The salt and water exchange in mining, processing, and spent fuel disposal processes has been incorporated as part...
Coal is the one fossil energy source that can play a substantial role as a transitional energy source as one moves from the petroleum and natural gas based economic system to the future economic system based on nondepletable or renewable energy systems. For coal to remain competitive with other sources of energy in the industrialized countries of the world, continuing technological improvements in all aspects of coal extraction have been necessary. Coal has many important uses, but most significantly in electricity generation, steel and cement manufacture, and industrial process heating. Despite the long-term importance of oil and gas use, coal will remain a major pillar of the world’s energy supply. Developing...
Federally owned and managed public lands occupy approximately 30 percent of the land area of the United States, and anywhere from 50 percent to more than 80 percent of the land area of many of the western states. Determining the appropriate use of these lands involves balancing objectives related to economic, recreational, and conservation interests. This paper examines established and emerging conflicts within and across these objectives through both a narrative discussion of specific topics and a series of case studies. The authors find that new challenges, including pressures to devote portions of public lands to renewable energy project development and the multifaceted threats presented by climate change, will...
ABSTRACT: To help meet national energy demands, interest has been focused on the coal, oil shale, and uranium deposits of the Upper Colorado River Basin. Several energy output projections for the basin have been presented based upon water availability. Inherent in all these analyses are estimates as to the rate of water use in each energy development. New energy technologies are characterized by parameters extrapolated from small scale energy facilities. The data provide projected costs, conversion efficiencies, and material inputs and outputs. Alternative techniques for process cooling and solids handling provide variable rates of water use which affect other conversion parameters. Results from a mathematical model...
Coal is the one fossil energy source that can play a substantial role as a transitional energy source as one moves from the petroleum and natural gas based economic system to the future economic system based on nondepletable or renewable energy systems. For coal to remain competitive with other sources of energy in the industrialized countries of the world, continuing technological improvements in all aspects of coal extraction have been necessary. Coal has many important uses, but most significantly in electricity generation, steel and cement manufacture, and industrial process heating. Despite the long-term importance of oil and gas use, coal will remain a major pillar of the world’s energy supply. Developing...
One unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test and four high-pressure triaxial stress tests were conducted on coal cores in order to best emulate the key issues regarding horizontal wellbore stability, coal strength, permeability change, and coal fines generation during the life cycle of a coalbed methane reservoir. The four non-trivial stress paths were: Loading Compression (LC), where the axial stress is increased while the confining stress is held constant; Loading Extension (LE), where the axial stress is held constant while the confining stress is increased; Unloading Compression (ULC), in which the axial stress is held constant while the confining stress is decreased; and Unloading Extension (ULE), during...
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The polygon (vector) shapefiles represent claim areas within Public Land Survey System (PLSS) sections aggregated by serial (claim) numbers with information about Bureau of Land Management (BLM) land and mineral use authorizations for coal. The land areas specified by BLM authorizations vary in size and orientation, and may cross one or more PLSS section boundaries. For spatial consistency, the information was aggregated to the square mile PLSS section boundary and by serial numbers. The original source data from BLM Cases Recordation database (LR2000) were specific to the day they were generated (March 6, 2016) and subsequent data pulls will likely be different.
For much of the western USA, precipitation occurs in pulses, the nature of which determine soil water potential and plant physiological performance. This research utilized three experiments to examine the sensitivity of photosynthesis and water relations for two widespread Great Basin Desert shrub species, Artemisia tridentata (which has both deep and shallow roots) and Purshia tridentata (which reportedly has only deep roots), to (1) variation in pulse magnitude size, (2) the kinetics of responses to pulses, and (3) the relationship between pulse-size and antecedent soil water content. At the study site in the southwestern Great Basin Desert, USA, summer rainfall exhibits a greater frequency of larger-sized events,...
Models that treat innovations to the price of energy as predetermined with respect to U.S. macroeconomic aggregates are widely used in the literature. For example, it is common to order energy prices first in recursively identified VAR models of the transmission of energy price shocks. Because exactly identifying assumptions are inherently untestable, this approach in practice has required an act of faith in the empirical plausibility of the delay restriction used for identification. An alternative view that would invalidate such models is that energy prices respond instantaneously to macroeconomic news, implying that energy prices should be ordered last in recursively identified VAR models. In this paper, we propose...
Since the beginning of 2008, natural gas exploration activities in the Marcellus Shale Formation have increased significantly in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania—more than 2,349 wells have been drilled, primarily in the southwest, northeast and northcentral regions. In response to the increased number of well sites and concerns about the impact of the Marcellus Shale natural gas development activities on air quality, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP or Department) launched a short-term, screening-level air quality sampling initiative in the northcentral region in August 2010, culminating in December 2010. This report includes the findings of the screening air sampling surveys conducted...
Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Fossil fuel, clean, coal
Numerous coal gasification studies have been found in the literature those employed various kinds of gasifying agents such as steam and carbon dioxide. These studies are featured with wide variations in the parametric conditions and the usage of equipments. Steam is frequently employed as a gasifying agent, however, in several studies carbon dioxide has also been used as a gasifying agent either pure or in combination with other gasifying agents (H2O, O2, CO, H2). This paper is a brief review of the coal gasification with CO2 as a diluent. Different factors were studied over the coal gasification with CO2 such as coal rank, pressure, temperature, gas composition, catalyst and the minerals present inside the coal,...
In order to identify approaches for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant optimization it is necessary to analyse where and why the losses in the process occur. Therefore a structured exergy analysis of an IGCC with carbon capture was performed to identify losses on a plant, subsystem and individual component level. The investigation of the IGCC base case revealed an exergetic efficiency of 40%. Thus, 60% of the whole fuel exergy is lost in the process. On the subsystem level it was found that the major loss contributor is the combined cycle followed by the gas treatment section and the gasification island. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the significance of the losses is higher in upstream processes...
With increasing levels of wind generation capacity on electricity systems, system operators will need to adapt their system operation policy to facilitate the efficient and cost effective integration of wind power. This paper illustrate the relative merits of adopting different system operational approaches on a system with significant wind power capacity. The impact on conventional generation, reserve levels and emissions are assessed and the implications are discussed. The illustrations show that an operational approach, which incorporates wind forecast information, while considering an increased need for reserve due to wind power, results in a more efficient integration of the wind capacity.
Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: coal, dynamics, investment, model, system
Since the beginning of 2008, natural gas exploration activities in the Marcellus Shale Formation have increased significantly in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania—more than 2,349 wells have been drilled, primarily in the southwest, northeast and northcentral regions. In response to the increased number of well sites and concerns about the impact of the Marcellus Shale natural gas development activities on air quality, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP or Department) launched a short-term, screening-level air quality sampling initiative in the northcentral region in August 2010, culminating in December 2010. This report includes the findings of the screening air sampling surveys conducted...
Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: Fossil fuel, clean, coal
We provide an overview of research related to environmental effects of disposal of coal combustion residues (CCR) in sites in the United States. Our focus is on aspects of CCR that have the potential to negatively influence aquatic organisms and the health of aquatic ecosystems. We identify major issues of concern, as well as areas in need of further investigation. Intentional or accidental release of CCR into aquatic systems has generally been associated with deleterious environmental effects. A large number of metals and trace elements are present in CCR, some of which are rapidly accumulated to high concentrations by aquatic organisms. Moreover, a variety of biological responses have been observed in organisms...
A system dynamic model is presented, which considers the feedback between supply and demand and oil revenue of the existing system in Iran considering different sectors of the economy. Also the export of the oil surplus and the injection of the gas surplus into the oil reservoirs are seen in the model by establishing a balance between supply and demand. In this model the counter-effects and existing system feedbacks between supply and demand and oil revenue can be seen considering different sectors of the economy. As a result, the effects of oil and gas policies in different scenarios for different sectors of Iran's economy together with the counter-effects of energy consumption and oil revenue are examined. Three...
Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: coal, dynamics, investment, model, system
With increasing levels of wind generation capacity on electricity systems, system operators will need to adapt their system operation policy to facilitate the efficient and cost effective integration of wind power. This paper illustrate the relative merits of adopting different system operational approaches on a system with significant wind power capacity. The impact on conventional generation, reserve levels and emissions are assessed and the implications are discussed. The illustrations show that an operational approach, which incorporates wind forecast information, while considering an increased need for reserve due to wind power, results in a more efficient integration of the wind capacity.
Categories: Publication; Types: Citation; Tags: coal, dynamics, investment, model, system
One unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test and four high-pressure triaxial stress tests were conducted on coal cores in order to best emulate the key issues regarding horizontal wellbore stability, coal strength, permeability change, and coal fines generation during the life cycle of a coalbed methane reservoir. The four non-trivial stress paths were: Loading Compression (LC), where the axial stress is increased while the confining stress is held constant; Loading Extension (LE), where the axial stress is held constant while the confining stress is increased; Unloading Compression (ULC), in which the axial stress is held constant while the confining stress is decreased; and Unloading Extension (ULE), during...
In many ways, the mountain west (Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming) is an energy colony for the rest of the United States: it is rich in energy resources that are extracted to fuel economic growth in the wealthier and more populous coastal regions. Federal agencies and global corporations often behave as if the mountain west is a place to be exploited or managed for the benefit of customers and consumers elsewhere. Yet, the area. is not vast empty space with a limitless supply of natural resources, but rather a fast-growing region with a diverse economic base dependent on a limited supply of water. New decision processes and collaborations are slowly changing this situation,...
map background search result map search result map BLM LR2000 coal authorizations for the Sagebrush Mineral-Resource Assessment (SaMiRA) aggregated by Public Land Survey System (PLSS) section boundaries and serial numbers BLM LR2000 coal authorizations for the Sagebrush Mineral-Resource Assessment (SaMiRA) aggregated by Public Land Survey System (PLSS) section boundaries and serial numbers