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This data release provides a comprehensive dataset of sampling-site characteristics and baseline groundwater-quality data collected from a network of multilevel sampling wells installed in a densely developed coastal neighborhood undergoing a conversion from onsite septic systems to municipal sewering. Groundwater samples were collected during multiple events from a total of 227 well screens at 15 locations using a peristaltic pump between June 2016 and September 2021. Samples were collected and preserved following methods documented in the U.S. Geological Survey National Field Manual (variously dated) and Savoie and others (2012). This dataset provides well construction information, groundwater levels, water-quality...
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This dataset contains field measurements of lakebed groundwater temperatures collected during three surveys in July 2008, August 2014, and August 2015, by using a handheld thermocouple probe and GPS at a permeable reactive barrier at Ashumet Pond, Falmouth, MA. The comma-separated file includes unique site identifiers, locations of measurement points, temperatures, dates, and types of measurement (groundwater, surface water, or control). Also included are ESRI raster datasets for each measurement date for (1) interpolated lakebed groundwater temperatures, and (2) interpolated lakebed groundwater temperatures normalized to the surface water temperature at the time of measurement. This data release is provided...
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This dataset provides the water-quality results for organic and inorganic concentrations analyzed from samples collected at residential tapwater faucets, sourced from private drinking water wells in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Samples were collected in July and August, 2018 from 20 locations. Samples were analyzed at various U.S. Geological Survey laboratories: the National Water Quality Laboratory in Denver, Colorado for organic compounds; the Redox Chemistry Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado for inorganic constituents; the Organic Geochemistry Laboratory in Lawrence, Kansas for microcystin analyses; and the Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory in Sacramento, California for disinfectant byproduct analyses. Additionally,...
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This dataset contains field measurements of temperature in shallow vertical profiles beneath a lake-bottom in the vicinity of a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at Ashumet Pond, Falmouth, MA. From August 21, 2015 – September 3, 2015 vertical temperature profilers designed to quantify groundwater upwelling dynamics were installed at seven locations. Hollow stainless steel pipes (2.5 cm OD) were slotted horizontally to allow installation of iButton thermal data loggers (Maxim Integrated DS1922L, 0.0625 oC precision) protected with waterproof silicone caulking. The temperature profilers were gently tapped into the cobbly bed by first driving guide-hole of slightly smaller diameter. After installation, the thermal loggers...
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The U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program at Cape Cod has been investigating the fate and transport of a treated-wastewater, groundwater contaminant plume. A portion of the contaminated groundwater discharges into Ashumet Pond, a kettle hole, freshwater lake. A study was conducted from June 2013 to June 2015 to document transport, transformation, and discharge of dissolved inorganic nitrogen species (DIN; nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide) from the contaminant plume to the lake, across the groundwater-surface water interface. As part of that study, in October 2014, two natural gradient tracer tests were conducted within the lake bed sediments using nitrite as a reactive tracer and bromide as...
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This dataset contains high-resolution digital photographs of sediment cores collected from a boring drilled to bedrock near Nantucket Sound in East Falmouth, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Following collection and transportation to a processing facility, the upper half of each core was scraped to form a flat surface along the length of the core. Digital photographs were taken of 8-inch (20-centimeter) sections of each core. The digital images were composited by using Adobe Illustrator to create a photographic log of each core. Abbreviations used in this metadata file: cm, centimeter; mm, millimeter; ft, foot; in., inch. This data release is associated with the following publications: Hull, R.B, Johnson, C.D., Stone,...
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This data release presents results from a laboratory study designed to measure the effect of temperature on denitrification rates in sediments collected from 5- to 30-cm depth below the lake bottom, at a location where groundwater discharges to the lake. Sediment cores were collected June 25, 2014 from the West site (Fishermans Cove) in Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, MA then shipped to Boulder, CO for laboratory experiments. Groundwater used for these experiments was collected from a well just upgradient of the sediment collection site. Denitrification rates were determined on sediment plus groundwater slurries maintained under anaerobic conditions and employing the acetylene block method. Nitrous oxide concentrations...
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This data release includes comma-delimited datafiles (.CSV files) and geospatial datasets (GIS shapefile and raster datasets) from a survey of lake-bottom temperatures using a Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FO-DTS) system in May 2007. The distribution of lakebed temperatures was determined over an 18-hour period in May 2007 using a LIOS fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) system (LIOS Technology, Cologne, Germany) connected to a 1000-m-long fiber cable shielded with rubberized armoring. The FO-DTS system measures temperature by means of optical fibers that function as linear sensors of temperature dependent laser light backscatter, producing temperature values to an accuracy of 0.01oC...
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This dataset contains field measurements of direct groundwater seepage by using half-barrel style seepage meters permanently installed in a lake-bottom permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at Ashumet Pond, Falmouth, MA. The meters are a modified version of a standard half-barrel seepage meter. Each meter consists of a 208-L polyethylene, corrosion-inhibiting drum cut to a length of 0.8 m and fitted with a removable 0.56-m-diameter lid. A 1.3-cm-diameter hole was drilled into each lid to allow outflow or inflow to be measured. During installation, the top rim of each barrel was positioned to be at the expected grade after backfilling. Between 2004 and 2015, seepage rates at each meter were measured annually, with the...
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Lake-bottom sediment and associated quality-control samples were collected in August 2020 from one coring location (U.S. Geological Survey station 413756070321301, ASHUMET POND, MASHPEE MI-ASHPD-0011) in Ashumet Pond downgradient from a former fire-training area on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The core was collected to determine if per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were present in the bottom sediments of a lake known to have elevated concentrations of PFAS in surface water and groundwater (Tokranov and others, 2021), and whether the sediments could act as a continuous source of PFAS to the lake. Processing the sediment core entailed collection of discrete samples at intervals ranging from 1-5 centimeters (cm)...
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On June 5, 2015, transient electromagnetic (TEM) data were acquired on the baseball field at the East Falmouth, Massachusetts Elementary School approximately 30 m north the well MA-FWS-750. Transient electromagnetic induction (TEM) surveys provide resistivity soundings of the subsurface, which can be related to lithology and hydrogeology. Electrical current is cycled through a wire placed on the land surface in a transmitter loop (Tx), which in turn produces a static magnetic field. When the current is abruptly terminated, an instantaneous current is induced in the earth, and it moves downward and outward as the induced current decays with time. The decay is controlled by the resistivity of the earth. One or more...
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This data release presents chemical and biological results from an investigation of the uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from groundwater contaminated by fire training activities on Cape Cod, Massachusetts conducted from July to August 2019. An exposure experiment was conducted at an a PFAS contaminated site (FTA-1) near the fire training area (FTA). To assess the tissue-specific uptake characteristics of the mixture of PFAS present in the groundwater from the FTA-1 site, a 21-day mobile laboratory exposure experiment was conducted. Details for the groundwater sampling sites and well construction are presented (Table 1). The PFAS mixture concentrations and composition in groundwater and in fish...
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This data set summarizes measurements of water flux (specific discharge, or Darcy flux, q) made with seepage meters at 27 sites in five ponds on western Cape Cod during August–September 2015. The seepage meters consisted of the cut-off ends of 55-gallon steel drums, as described in Lee (1977) and Rosenberry and LaBaugh (2008). The seepage meters were 0.56 meter in diameter and covered a surface area on the lake bottom of about 0.25 square meter. The data table provides locational information for each seepage-measurement site, including easting and northing, in meters relative to the Massachusetts State Plane coordinate system (North American Datum of 1983); and the approximate lake-water depth, in meters. The data...
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Lithostratigraphic and hydrogeologic observations for the unconfined aquifer of western Cape Cod are limited near coastal groundwater-discharge areas. In spring 2015, a 310-foot-deep boring was drilled and a well was installed to 100 feet below land surface to facilitate detailed study of aquifer characteristics along the southern coast of Cape Cod. Characteristics of interest included the depth and character of the freshwater/saltwater interface and bedrock surface, and vertical variations in grain size, bedding structure, and hydraulic conductivity. Sediment cores were collected from land surface to the bedrock surface at 305 feet below land surface. Bedrock cores were collected from 305 to 310 feet below land...
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This U.S. Geological Survey data release provides a comprehensive dataset of water-quality data and sampling-site characteristics collected in 1978–2018 during a study of the effects of land disposal of treated wastewater on groundwater quality in an unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Treated sewage-derived wastewater was discharged to rapid-infiltration beds at Joint Base Cape Cod for nearly 60 years before the disposal was moved to a different location in December 1995. The discharge formed a plume of contaminated groundwater that partly discharges to a glacial kettle lake about 1,600 feet from the beds and extends about 4.5 miles toward coastal saltwater bodies at Vineyard Sound....
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This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release provides a comprehensive dataset of water-quality results, physical-parameter measurements, hydrologic measurements, and site information collected to study the nature and extent of water quality along groundwater flow paths adjacent to glacial-kettle lakes on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Water-quality samples were collected in 2003, 2005, and 2012 through 2018 in and near seven kettle lakes located on western Cape Cod, with most of the data collected in 2015-2017 from Ashumet Pond, which is located in the towns of Falmouth and Mashpee. Data were also collected at other lakes to compare the lake-specific influences of geochemistry and hydrology on the downgradient groundwater...
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Groundwater, surface-water, sediment, and associated quality-control samples were collected downgradient from a former fire training area and wastewater infiltration beds on Cape Cod, Massachusetts and analyzed for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Samples were collected between July 2016 and February 2019 following U.S. Geological Survey protocols. Field parameters reported include temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen. Samples were analyzed for chloride, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, and dissolved organic carbon. PFAS samples were extracted using offline solid phase extraction and were analyzed for 24 PFAS at Harvard University using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)....
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This data set summarizes seepage rates calculated from the lake-bottom temperature data as described in child item "Calculations of lake-bottom seepage rates from vertical temperature profiles at four groundwater flow-through glacial kettle lakes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2016–18." The data table provides locational information for each site, including easting and northing, in meters relative to the Massachusetts State Plane coordinate system (North American Datum of 1983); approximate distance from shoreline, in meters; and approximate lake-water depth, in meters. The data table also provides the arithmetic average and standard deviation of temperature-derived seepage rate for each time series (in .csv...
Hydrologic data were collected in the nearshore lake-bottom sediments of five lakes on western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Ashumet (Falmouth), Long (Centerville), Santuit (Mashpee), Shubael (Barnstable), and Snake (Sandwich) Ponds. Water budgets of flow-through glacial kettle lakes are commonly dominated by groundwater flow into and surface-water seepage out of the lake, and inputs and losses from precipitation and evaporation are typically smaller. This data release presents water flux data collected from sites at the five lakes where lake water is seeping downward across the groundwater/surface-water interface into the groundwater system. Detailed characterization of water flux across the lake-bottom interface is...
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This data set contains one-dimensional water flux (specific discharge, or Darcy flux, q) data calculated from vertical temperature profile data. The flux was calculated from paired time series of temperature from the shallowest and the deepest iButton loggers at each site described in child item "Field measurements of lake-bottom groundwater temperatures from vertical temperature profiles at four groundwater flow-through glacial kettle lakes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2016–18" by using the automated VFLUX software (version 2.0.0) run in Matlab. VFLUX 2.0.0 can be downloaded for free at http://hydrology.syr.edu/vflux/. The data are presented as time-varying continuous records of flux calculated by three methods:...


map background search result map search result map Observations of Lithostratigraphy and Hydrogeology From a Boring Drilled to Bedrock in Glacial Sediments Near Nantucket Sound in East Falmouth, Cape Cod, Massachusetts Digital Photographs of Sediment Cores From a Boring Drilled to Bedrock in Glacial Sediments Near Nantucket Sound in East Falmouth, Cape Cod, Massachusetts Chemical Data From 40 Years of Monitoring a Treated-Wastewater Groundwater Plume in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1978-2018 01_Field measurements of lake-bottom groundwater temperatures from fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS), Ashumet Pond, May 30-31, 2007 02_Field measurements of lake-bottom seepage near a permeable reactive barrier, Ashumet Pond, Falmouth, MA 03_Field measurements of temperature in vertical lake-bottom profiles near a permeable reactive barrier, Ashumet Pond, Falmouth, MA 04_Field measurements of lakebed groundwater temperatures by using a thermocouple probe, July 2008, August 2014, and August 2015, Falmouth, MA Calculations of lake-bottom seepage rates from vertical temperature profiles at four groundwater flow-through glacial kettle lakes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2016–18 Field measurements of lake-bottom seepage rates from seepage meters at five groundwater flow-through glacial kettle lakes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, August–September 2015 Average calculated seepage rates from vertical temperature profiles at four groundwater flow-through glacial kettle lakes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2016–18 Water-Quality Data in and near Groundwater Flow-Through Kettle-Hole Lakes, Western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2003 - 2018 Natural gradient, lakebed tracer tests using nitrite in a nitrate-contaminated groundwater discharge zone in Ashumet Pond, Massachusetts Baseline groundwater-quality data from a densely developed coastal neighborhood, Falmouth, Massachusetts (2016 - 2021) (ver. 4.0, February 2022) Transient Electromagnetic Data from East Falmouth MA Target-Chemical Concentration Results of Mixed-Organic/Inorganic Chemical Exposures in Cape Cod, Massachusetts Tapwater, 2018 Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and related chemical and physical data at and near surface-water/groundwater boundaries on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2016-19 Determination of the effect of temperature (Q10) on denitrification rates in sediments collected from a groundwater discharge site in Ashumet Pond on Cape Cod, MA Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Lake-Bottom Sediments of Ashumet Pond on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2020 (ver. 2.0, February 2024) Tissue-specific bioconcentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by fathead minnows from contaminated groundwater at a fire-training area, Cape Cod, Massachusetts from 2019 01_Field measurements of lake-bottom groundwater temperatures from fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS), Ashumet Pond, May 30-31, 2007 Transient Electromagnetic Data from East Falmouth MA Natural gradient, lakebed tracer tests using nitrite in a nitrate-contaminated groundwater discharge zone in Ashumet Pond, Massachusetts Determination of the effect of temperature (Q10) on denitrification rates in sediments collected from a groundwater discharge site in Ashumet Pond on Cape Cod, MA Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Lake-Bottom Sediments of Ashumet Pond on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2020 (ver. 2.0, February 2024) Baseline groundwater-quality data from a densely developed coastal neighborhood, Falmouth, Massachusetts (2016 - 2021) (ver. 4.0, February 2022) Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and related chemical and physical data at and near surface-water/groundwater boundaries on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2016-19 Calculations of lake-bottom seepage rates from vertical temperature profiles at four groundwater flow-through glacial kettle lakes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2016–18 Field measurements of lake-bottom seepage rates from seepage meters at five groundwater flow-through glacial kettle lakes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, August–September 2015 Average calculated seepage rates from vertical temperature profiles at four groundwater flow-through glacial kettle lakes, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2016–18 Water-Quality Data in and near Groundwater Flow-Through Kettle-Hole Lakes, Western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2003 - 2018 Observations of Lithostratigraphy and Hydrogeology From a Boring Drilled to Bedrock in Glacial Sediments Near Nantucket Sound in East Falmouth, Cape Cod, Massachusetts Digital Photographs of Sediment Cores From a Boring Drilled to Bedrock in Glacial Sediments Near Nantucket Sound in East Falmouth, Cape Cod, Massachusetts Tissue-specific bioconcentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by fathead minnows from contaminated groundwater at a fire-training area, Cape Cod, Massachusetts from 2019 Chemical Data From 40 Years of Monitoring a Treated-Wastewater Groundwater Plume in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1978-2018 Target-Chemical Concentration Results of Mixed-Organic/Inorganic Chemical Exposures in Cape Cod, Massachusetts Tapwater, 2018