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On 6 April 2014, a Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument was used to measure the radiance of scattered solar radiation passing through the plume emitted from Mount Pagan volcano, Mariana Islands. Spectra were recorded in the ultraviolet (UV: 240 – 390 nm) wavelength range at 0.6 nm resolution. A scanner was used to scan the spectrometer's viewing direction vertically through the volcanic plume. The scanner was located at 18.1235N, 145.7608E and aimed directly to the north (0 degrees azimuth). It scanned the spectrometer's viewing direction from 1 to 90 degrees elevation in steps of 1 degree. The plume was encountered at about 15 to 20 degrees elevation. The scanner was held at each position...
This release presents data collected during airborne volcanic gas monitoring flights at Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, that were completed between 2004-2017. Instrumented fixed-wing aircraft were used to collect in situ trace gas measurements of volcanic carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The sensor payload also included an upward-looking correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) and/or differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system. The remote sensing instruments were used to derive volcanic SO2 emission rates by measuring incident scattered solar ultraviolet radiation while traversing beneath the plume. Gas compositions and COSPEC output (volts) were recorded at 1 Hz and DOAS...
On 16 July 2021, measurements were made of the volcanic gases emitted from Iliamna Volcano, Mount Douglas, Mount Martin, and Mount Mageik (Alaska, USA) from aboard a fixed-wing aircraft. Two zenith-facing differential optical absorption spectrometers were used to measure incident scattered solar ultraviolet radiation while traversing beneath the gas plumes on multiple occasions. These data were used to derive volcanic SO2 column densities and emission rates. In addition to the remote sensing payload, two in situ instruments were used to make measurements of trace gas concentrations while on flight paths through the volcanic plumes: a USGS multi-GAS (multiple Gas Analyzer System; Werner et al., 2017) analyzer for...
A fissure eruption occurred in Kīlauea Volcano’s Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) from April to September 2018. During this event, volcanic gases were emitted from three active areas on the volcano. The most intense degassing occurred at the active fissures in the LERZ, thus causing parts of Hawaiʻi Island’s Puna district to be exposed to life-threatening sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations. At the same time, gas emissions from the volcano’s summit and East Rift Zone (ERZ) slowly declined from their decade-long averages as magma drained from the volcano’s shallow plumbing system. Throughout the eruption, the USGS used a Mobile Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (Mobile DOAS) to record ultraviolet (280 – 420...
On 25 July 2016, helicopter-based measurements were made of the volcanic gases emitted from Mount Cleveland, Alaska, USA. An upward-looking differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system was used to measure incident scattered solar ultraviolet radiation while traversing beneath the plume on multiple occasions. These data were used to derive volcanic SO2 emission rates. Additionally, a Multicomponent Gas Analyzer System (Multi-GAS) was used to make measurements of trace gas concentrations while on a dedicated measurement flight passing through the volcanic plume. Radiance spectra and gas compositions were both recorded at 1 second time resolution. Each spectrum and gas measurement was stamped with the...
Measurement of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates is a critical aspect of monitoring and studying active volcanoes. Changes in emission rate are often associated with changes in volcanic activity and in some cases may herald future changes in activity. At the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), emission rates of SO2 from Hawaiian volcanoes have been measured by ultraviolet spectrometer since the late 1970s [Casadevall and others, 1987]. Here we present a compilation of SO2 emission rate measurements made from 2018 to 2022. The emission rates (in t/d) span five orders of magnitude through a range of activity styles unprecedented in recent times, including caldera collapse [Anderson and others, 2019], the first prolonged...
Categories: Data;
Types: Map Service,
OGC WFS Layer,
OGC WMS Layer,
OGC WMS Service;
Tags: DOAS,
Geochemistry,
Hawaii,
Kīlauea,
Mauna Loa,
This report documents the SO2 emission rates for the period 2014-2017, from the summit and East Rift Zone eruptions of Kīlauea, along with the wind or plume speed and direction data used to calculate the emission rates. The Kīlauea summit SO2 emission rates are reported every ten seconds, as measured by a novel configuration of 10 fixed, upward looking UV spectrometers (FLYSPEC array), and for days with at least 2 hours of data, the daily means are reported. The plume or wind speeds used to calculate the emission rates are measured by cross correlation of plume features (see William-Jones and others (2006)) or by ground-based anemometer (SDH) and are reported with the emission rates. When the SDH ground based wind...
Categories: Data;
Tags: FLYSPEC array,
Halema'uma'u,
Kilauea Crater,
Kilauea East Rift Zone,
Kilauea volcano,
Kīlauea Volcano on the Island of Hawai‘i was in a state of nearly continuous eruption from 1983 – 2018. Large amounts of sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) were released from the volcano’s East Rift Zone (ERZ) during the entire eruptive period, and from the Overlook vent at the summit of the volcano from 2008-2018. This data release presents ground-based estimates of SO2 emission rates from the two gas emission sources for the period 2008-2013. For the two-year period 2008-2010, the summit data have been revised from previously published emission rates (Elias and Sutton, 2012). During this era, very high emissions from the volcano’s newly active lava lake led to opaque plumes and challenges in accurately quantifying SO2 column...
Categories: Data;
Tags: FLYSPEC array,
Halema'uma'u,
Kilauea Crater,
Kilauea East Rift Zone,
Kilauea Volcano,
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